Architecture of broiler breeder energy partitioning models

Abstract

A robust model that estimates the ME intake over broiler breeder lifetime is essential for formulating diets with optimum nutrient levels. The experiment was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with 40 Ross 708 broiler breeder pullets reared on 1 of 10 target growth trajectories, which were designed with 2 levels of cumulative BW gain in prepubertal growth phase and 5 levels of timing of growth around puberty. This study investigated the effect of growth pattern on energy efficiency of birds and tested the effects of dividing data into daily, 4-d, weekly, 2-wk, and 3-wk periods and the inclusion of random terms associated with individual maintenance ME and ADG requirements, and age on ME partitioning model fit and predictive performance. Model [I] was: MEI d = a × BW b + c × ADG p + d × ADG n + e × EM + ε, where MEI d was daily ME intake (kcal/d); BW in kg; ADG p was positive ADG; ADG n was negative ADG (g/d); EM was egg mass (g/d); ε was the model residual. Models [II to IV] were nonlinear mixed models based on the model [I] with inclusion of a random term for individual maintenance requirement, age, and ADG, respectively. Model [II] – 3 wk was chosen as the most parsimonious based on lower autocorrelation bias, closer fit of the estimates to the actual data (lower model MSE and closer R 2 to 1), and greater predictive performance among the models. Estimated ME partitioned to maintenance in model [II] – 3 wk was 100.47 ± 7.43 kcal/kg 0.56 , and the ME requirement for ADG p , ADG n , and EM were 3.49 ± 0.37; 3.16 ± 3.91; and 2.96 ± 0.13 kcal/g, respectively. Standard treatment had lower residual heat production ( RHP ; -0.68 kcal/kg BW 0.56 ) than high early growth treatment (0.79 kcal/kg BW 0.56 ), indicating greater efficiency in utilizing the ME consumed. Including random term associated with individual maintenance ME in a 3-wk chunk size provided a robust, biologically sound life-time energy partitioning model for breeders.

Evolution of maternal feed restriction practices over 60 years of selection for broiler productivity

“…Feed restriction increases efficiency by reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature ( Savory et al., 2006 ). Afrouziyeh et al. (2022b) relaxed broiler breeder feed restriction level through increasing their prepubertal target BW gain by 10% and observed a 1.47 kcal/kg BW 0.56 increase in residual heat production compared to the standard-restricted birds.…”

Energy utilization and requirement of broiler breeders during the production phase

“…An essential point for evaluation is the energy requirement expression on metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE) bases. Commonly, the coefficients to calculate the requirements of the ME system are estimated under several assumptions as constant maintenance and efficiencies of utilization ( Romero et al, 2009 ; van der Klein et al, 2020 ; Afrouziyeh et al, 2022 ). It is known that many factors, such as the diets, physical and social environment, and the production level of the hens, lead to variations in energy utilization during the egg production period ( Sakomura et al, 2003 ; Reyes et al, 2011 ).…”