Architecture of the Tracheobronchial Tree

Pinkerton, Kent E.; Winkle, Laura S. Van; Plopper, Charles G.; Smiley‐Jewell, Suzette; Covarrubias, Elvira C.; McBride, John T.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404577-4.00004-7

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…One of the major pitfalls in animal-human transposition lies in the different anatomy of the airways and the different respiratory physiology between rodents and humans [182][183][184]. For instance, rodents have no lobe divisions in the left lung, similarly, the bronchial divisions of most mammals are very different from those of humans [185]. Furthermore, physiological ventilation is very different: for example, while the respiratory rate is 15 cycles per minute for an adult human at rest, it is approximately 80 cycles per minute for a rat.…”

Section: Beyond In Vivo Animal Experiments the Need To Develop Innova...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient?

Forest

Pourchez

2022

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

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Section: Beyond In Vivo Animal Experiments the Need To Develop Innova...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient?

Forest

Pourchez

2022

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

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“…Mouse trachea Caliber (mm) 74,80,85 15-20 0.5-1.0 *1.5 Submucosal glands (mL cm �2 ) 14,70 [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Zero Zero to rare Surface epithelium height (mm) 87,94…”

Section: Human Distal Airwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 on airway mucus production: A review and proposed model

Meyerholz

Reznikov

2021

Vet Pathol

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has affected millions of lives. Individuals who survive severe COVID-19 can experience sustained respiratory symptoms that persist for months after initial infection. In other airway diseases, abnormal airway mucus contributes to sustained airway symptoms. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on airway mucus has received limited attention. In the current review, we assess literature describing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on airway pathophysiology with specific emphasis on mucus production. Accumulating evidence suggests that the 2 major secreted airway mucin glycoproteins, MUC5AC and MUC5B, are abnormal in some patients with COVID-19. Aberrations in MUC5AC or MUC5B in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are likely due to inflammation, though the responsible mechanisms have yet to be determined. Thus, we also provide a proposed model highlighting mechanisms that can contribute to acute and sustained mucus abnormalities in SARS-CoV-2, with an emphasis on inflammatory cells and mediators, including mast cells and histamine. Last, we bring to light the challenges of studying abnormal mucus production in SARS-CoV-2 infections and discuss the strengths and limitations of model systems commonly used to study COVID-19. The evidence to date suggests that ferrets, nonhuman primates, and cats may have advantages over other models to investigate mucus in COVID-19.

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“…Mice and the rats have smaller branches of the bronchi compared to humans, and also have a highly extensive bronchial tree, which is the main organ affected by smoke exposure resulting in airway remodelling. Humans exhibit ciliated cells of the epithelium, as well as goblet cells, which are umpteen in the large airways, and has a similarity with that of guinea pigs, whereas in rats and mice the bronchial tree is non-ciliated [18]. In humans, the bronchial glands, consisting of mucus and serous cells that are abundantly found in the airways, and hypersecretion of mucus, is a major contributory factor for COPD.…”

Section: Different Animal Models For Copd Inductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoke exposure induced animal models of COPD – procedural variations and apparatus

Urmila¹,

Rai²,

Siddiqui³

et al. 2021

J Pre Clin Clin Res.

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Introduction and objective. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder that makes breathing difficult, characterized by chronic bronchitis, mucus hypersecretion, airway remodelling, and emphysema. Although caused by various factors, the leading cause is active or passive cigarette smoking (CS) is. The treatment available provides symptomatic relief and is associated with serious adverse effects, such as cardiovascular events and pneumonia; hence, there is an unmet need for research on drug treatment for COPD. This literature review provides an update on the various animal models of COPD that have been developed by the exposure of CS alone, or in combination with other inducing agents. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge. The combination of SCS/MCS with LPS should be preferred to a single smoke component to induce COPD. It was observed that mouse models are extensively used, C57B1/6 and BALB/c females are more vulnerable to COPD, whereas, in rat models, male SD rats are mostly used. Guinea pigs, due to their anatomical similarity, are found to be a better model that can be used to develop COPD. Conclusions. Suitable animal models and validated apparatus are crucial for successful COPD animal model development.Conventionally authenticated research-grade cigarettes should be used for effortless distribution of a specific concentration of total suspended particles (TSP) or total particulate matter (TPM), including nicotine and carbon monoxide. There is also a need to focus on the various types of apparatus to be used for COPD induction in murine models considering optimum exposure, reliability as well as the sturdiness of the apparatus which would provide better execution of the protocol with minimum harm to the experimenter.

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Architecture of the Tracheobronchial Tree

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient?

Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient?

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 on airway mucus production: A review and proposed model

Cigarette smoke exposure induced animal models of COPD – procedural variations and apparatus

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