Arctic-like Rabies Virus, Bangladesh

Jamil, Khondoker M.; Ahmed, Kawsar; Matsumoto, Takashi; Ali, Mohammad Azmat; Hossain, Sohrab; Hossain, Shakhawat; Islam, Aminul; Nasiruddin, Mohammad; Nishizono, Akira

doi:10.3201/eid1812.120061

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Our phylogenetic analyses were in agreement with previous studies [ 7 , 11 , 22 , 25 ] and revealed that rabies viruses from Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam had originated from a common ancestor. The lineages circulating in Laos are closely related but are not same as in other SEA countries, which are indicating that invasion of rabies viruses in Laos from these countries possibly did not occur recently.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This is not unusual, co-circulation of two types of canine rabies virus has been documented in countries of Africa [ 4 , 20 ], six lineages in China [ 21 , 22 ] and Romania [ 23 ], and up to 30 different lineages of bat rabies virus in the United States [ 24 ]. In smaller countries possibly circulation of one lineage of rabies virus is usual [ 17 , 25 ]. Considering the size of the country and movement of people and dogs to and from the rabies endemic countries, it is likely that that multiple lineages will co-circulate in Laos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia

Ahmed

Phommachanh²,

Vorachith³

et al. 2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundAlthough rabies is endemic in Laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. There are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through Laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in Laos.MethodsWe determined the rate of rabies-positive samples by analyzing data from animal samples submitted to the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory from 2004 through 2011. Twenty-three rabies-positive samples were used for viral genetic characterization. Full genome sequencing was performed on two rabies viruses.ResultsRabies-positive samples increased substantially from 40.5% in 2004 to 60.2% in 2009 and continued at this level during the study period. More than 99% of the samples were from dogs, followed by cats and monkeys. Phylogenetic analyses showed that three rabies virus lineages belonging to the Southeast Asian cluster are currently circulating in Laos; these are closely related to viruses from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lineages of the circulating Laos rabies viruses diverged from common ancestors as recently as 44.2 years and as much as 55.3 years ago, indicating periodic virus invasions.ConclusionThere is an increasing trend of rabies in Laotian animals. Similar to other rabies-endemic countries, dogs are the main viral reservoir. Three viral lineages closely related to viruses from neighboring countries are currently circulating in Laos. Data provide evidence of periodic historic exchanges of the viruses with neighboring countries, but no recent invasion.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia

Ahmed

Phommachanh²,

Vorachith³

et al. 2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Although RABV belonging to the Arctic-like sub-clade was already known to circulate in Nepal [5] , [35] , this study has identified for the first time the presence of two Arctic-like sub-clades of RABV (AL-1 and AL-3) in this country. Within the AL-1 sub-clade, we identified two Nepalese isolates belonging to the AL-1a lineage, which encompassed virus strains from India but also probably from Bangladesh and Bhutan, although for the latter phylogenetic information contained in only partial N gene sequences available in public databases was not informative enough to classify strains into either AL-1a or AL-1b lineages (data not shown) [36] , [37] . AL-1a viruses have been present in India, which forms the largest immediate border with Nepal, since at least 1988 and represent currently the main phylogroup of RABV circulating in the country [26] , [38] ( Figures 1 , 2 and S1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Emergence and Spread of an Arctic-Related Phylogenetic Lineage of Rabies Virus in Nepal

Pant¹,

Lavenir

Wong

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is endemic in many parts of the developing world, especially in Africa and Asia. However its epidemiology remains largely unappreciated in much of these regions, such as in Nepal, where limited information is available about the spatiotemporal dynamics of the main etiological agent, the rabies virus (RABV). In this study, we describe for the first time the phylogenetic diversity and evolution of RABV circulating in Nepal, as well as their geographical relationships within the broader region. A total of 24 new isolates obtained from Nepal and collected from 2003 to 2011 were full-length sequenced for both the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein genes, and analysed using neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic methods with representative viruses from all over the world, including new related RABV strains from neighbouring or more distant countries (Afghanistan, Greenland, Iran, Russia and USA). Despite Nepal's limited land surface and its particular geographical position within the Indian subcontinent, our study revealed the presence of a surprising wide genetic diversity of RABV, with the co-existence of three different phylogenetic groups: an Indian subcontinent clade and two different Arctic-like sub-clades within the Arctic-related clade. This observation suggests at least two independent episodes of rabies introduction from neighbouring countries. In addition, specific phylogenetic and temporal evolution analysis of viruses within the Arctic-related clade has identified a new recently emerged RABV lineage we named as the Arctic-like 3 (AL-3) sub-clade that is already widely spread in Nepal.

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“…Chiou et al [5] found 97-99% nucleotide identity of the N gene of rabies virus within three isolates from Taiwan Ferret Badgers. Jamil et al [8] revealed 98-100% nucleotide identity between N gene sequences of rabies virus from seven brain samples. Reddy et al [18] found 88.8-99.7% homology of nucleoprotein gene between 30 Indian rabies isolates and the standard Pasteur virus strain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from Gujarat state, India

et al. 2017

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The present study was undertaken with an aim of characterization of rabies virus (genus of the family under the order ) by sequencing of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus and phylogenetic analysis to know the genotype and lineage of rabies virus present in Gujarat state of India. A total of 32 samples (18 brain samples and 14 saliva samples) were aseptically collected from live and dead animals (viz. dog, buffalo, cow, goat, donkey and hyena) for rabies virus detection. Out of 32 samples, 24 samples were found positive by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reactions and from these 24 positive samples, 20 samples were selected for sequencing having good concentration of gene product. ClustalW alignment of nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of field rabies isolates revealed 95.20-100 and 97.95-100% similarity among themselves, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of field rabies isolates and reference vaccine strains [Pasteur strain and Challenge Virus Strain (CVS)] indicated single nucleotide mutations at total 91 positions and amino acid mutations at total 17 different positions. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene sequences using our 20 field rabies isolates and 21 other reported isolates in Genbank resulted in 3 phylogenetic clusters. All the field rabies isolates showed same genetic lineage among themselves and with other earlier reported Indian rabies isolates placing them in Arctic like lineage of Genotype 1 Rabies virus. However, they were at genetic distance with reference Pasteur and CVS strains, which grouped in different phylogenetic cluster.

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Arctic-like Rabies Virus, Bangladesh

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia

Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia

Recent Emergence and Spread of an Arctic-Related Phylogenetic Lineage of Rabies Virus in Nepal

Sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from Gujarat state, India

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