Arctic regional agreements and arrangements

Koivurova, Timo; Kleemola-Juntunen, Pirjo; Kirchner, Stefan

doi:10.4337/9781788119597.00011

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…There are already several legally binding treaties between the Arctic states on circum-wide Arctic issues. The three legally binding agreements that were negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council focus on search and rescue (SAR Agreement, 2011), oil spill preparedness and response (Oil Spills Agreement, 2013) and international scientific cooperation (Science Cooperation Agreement, 2017), and they are all legally in force for all eight Arctic states, including Russia (Koivurova, Kleemola-Juntunen & Kirchner, 2020). The customary international law and the UN International Law Commission's (ILC) codification exercise on the "Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties" (ILC, 2011)…”

Section: Treaties Under the Auspices Of The Arctic Councilmentioning

confidence: 99%

After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Can we still cooperate with Russia in the Arctic?

Koivurova

Shibata

2023

Polar Record

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Russia’s war against Ukraine in February 2022 was the end of the Arctic cooperation between states and others as we knew it, despite the fact that Russia’s illegal actions are not occurring in the Arctic region. Russia’s attack on Ukraine caused pronounced security fears and responses, particularly from the European and North American countries, including the other Arctic states. This naturally affected Arctic cooperation because it is precisely in the Arctic region that Russia is such a vastly central actor. For example, the region’s pre-eminent inter-governmental forum, the Arctic Council, is struggling to continue its activities in full, as the seven western Arctic states paused participating in meetings held in and activities involving Russia. On the other hand, the first in-person meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) fisheries agreement in late November 2022 successfully adopted its COP Rules of Procedure by consensus, including Russia. The purpose of this article is to investigate how adversely Arctic international cooperation in inter-governmental forums and treaties has suffered due to the Ukraine war, utilising a qualitative research methodology to collect internal and sensitive information from key informants. In particular, the article aims to find an answer to the following question: In which types of Arctic inter-governmental structures have the states been able to continue the cooperation and for what reasons? The hypothesis that will be tested in this article is whether treaty-based cooperation has fared better than cooperation founded on soft law. This article will flesh out the current state of Arctic cooperative frameworks and actual cooperative activities under them, analysing three soft law-based cooperative frameworks, including the Arctic Council and several treaty-based cooperative frameworks, such as the CAO fisheries agreement and Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement. This article is based on the facts as of 22 February 2023.

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Section: Treaties Under the Auspices Of The Arctic Councilmentioning

confidence: 99%

After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Can we still cooperate with Russia in the Arctic?

Koivurova

Shibata

2023

Polar Record

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Legal implications of emerging technologies in maritime pollution monitoring and management

Islam

2024

Journal of the Indian Ocean Region

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Almost Arctic?: Protecting the Baltic marine environment through international law

Kirchner¹,

Dervovic²

2021

Strani pravni život

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The Baltic Sea, the heart of the Baltic region, is one of the most polluted seas worldwide. For the countries of the Baltic region, the relative importance of the Baltic Sea varies, but all coastal states of the Baltic Sea use the sea and influence it through their manifold activities. The protection of the Baltic Sea therefore is a shared concern for the coastal states. This shared concern has led to the emergence of a specific international legal régime governing the Baltic Sea. In this text, current threats to the Baltic Sea's natural environment and the international legal measures that are taken to protect the sea are described, in particular with a view to possible improvements. Particular emphasis will be placed on the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, the sub-Arctic Bay of Bothnia that faces particular environmental challenges.

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Arctic regional agreements and arrangements

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Can we still cooperate with Russia in the Arctic?

After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Can we still cooperate with Russia in the Arctic?

Legal implications of emerging technologies in maritime pollution monitoring and management

Almost Arctic?: Protecting the Baltic marine environment through international law

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