2014
DOI: 10.1002/2013rg000431
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Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity

Abstract: Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all months show statistically significant declining trends. New satellite missions and techniques have greatly expanded information on sea ice thickness, but many uncertainties remain in the satellite data and long-term records are sparse. However, thickness observations and other satellite-derived data indicate a 40% decline in thickness, … Show more

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Cited by 525 publications
(431 citation statements)
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References 253 publications
(282 reference statements)
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“…The warming of the Arctic drives an accelerated decline in sea-ice cover extent and duration, which opens navigation routes and improves access to natural resources (Meier et al 2014;Kwok & Cunningham 2015). Extensive offshore oil and gas activities have been taking place in the Arctic since the 1940s (AMAP 2010), but increased accessibility made possible by a longer open water season has created new opportunities for the petroleum industry (AMAP 2012;Meier et al 2014).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The warming of the Arctic drives an accelerated decline in sea-ice cover extent and duration, which opens navigation routes and improves access to natural resources (Meier et al 2014;Kwok & Cunningham 2015). Extensive offshore oil and gas activities have been taking place in the Arctic since the 1940s (AMAP 2010), but increased accessibility made possible by a longer open water season has created new opportunities for the petroleum industry (AMAP 2012;Meier et al 2014).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Extensive offshore oil and gas activities have been taking place in the Arctic since the 1940s (AMAP 2010), but increased accessibility made possible by a longer open water season has created new opportunities for the petroleum industry (AMAP 2012;Meier et al 2014). Higher risks of accidental hydrocarbon releases in the Arctic, either as oil spills or discharges from ships, are anticipated.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the recent retreat of Arctic sea ice is well documented (Meier et al, 2014), there are still significant knowledge gaps concerning the understanding of internal processes of sea ice and its drivers of change leading to substantial uncertainties also in long-term climate model projections and seasonal forecasting (Tietsche et al, 2014;Serreze and Stroeve, 2015). To tackle these uncertainties, a synergy between numerical and observational studies of the complex ocean-ice-atmosphere-biosphere system on varying spatial and temporal scales is crucial (Fig.…”
Section: From Microphysics To Large-scale Dynamics: Sea Ice In the Armentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2). Improving the reliability of projections of Arctic sea ice is a major priority for the Arctic research community due to the socio-economic relevance of sea ice for the living conditions of Arctic inhabitants, and especially indigenous peoples, its relevance for marine trade, tourism, and exploration of marine resources, and not the least for its role in the Arctic environmental system (Meier et al, 2014).…”
Section: From Microphysics To Large-scale Dynamics: Sea Ice In the Armentioning
confidence: 99%
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