Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

Raj, Roshin P.; Andersen, Ole; Johannessen, Johnny A.; Gutknecht, Benjamin D.; Chatterjee, Sourav; Rose, Stine Kildegaard; Bonaduce, Antonio; Horwath, Martin; Ranndal, Heidi; Richter, Kristin; Palanisamy, Hindumathi; Ludwigsen, Carsten Ankjær; Bertino, Laurent; Nilsen, Jan Even Øie; Knudsen, Per; Hogg, Anna E.; Cazenave, Anny; Benvéniste, Jérôme

doi:10.3390/rs12172837

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Regionally variability in rates of sea-level rise have become an area of focus for recent studies 20 – 22 in part due to the advent of technology such as satellite altimetry, ARGO profile floats and GRACE + GRACE-FO. This has allowed us to investigate the major components of global mean sea-level individually and collectively as a sea-level budget.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Data Type Details Length Source Reference Satellite Altimetry Daily Data Sea surface height above mean Sea Surface (‘sla’ sea-level anomaly). 0.25°*0.25° Gridded Dataset 1993–2019 Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/satellite-sea-level-global?tab=overview 32 , 33 Sea Surface Temperature European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF), ERA5 reanalysis of temperature of sea water near surface Monthly 0.25° × 0.25° Gridded Dataset 1993–2019 https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means?tab=overview 22 Salinity and Temperature World Ocean Atlas Climatology (WOA18) derived from objectively analysed and quality-controlled observations 1995–2004 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-atlas-2018/ 34 , 35 Salinity and Temperature ARMOR 3D Reprocessed dataset of interpolated in-situ and satellite observed salinity and temperature data 0.25°*0.25° Gridded Dataset 1993–2019 https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012/description 6 , 36 GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE, GRACE-FO). Mascon solutions of 1-arc-degree equal area cells 2002–2019 GFSC Laboratory (NASA) - https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/geo/data/grace-mascons 37 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A change in the dominant forcing mechanism may invariably lead to different acceleration and deceleration periods in the rate of rise which have been identified in recent studies for different regions 20 – 22 . Notably, there is very little investigation of the acceleration of sea-level change for the Caribbean region, except for Ibrahim and Sun 6 , who investigated a 7 year period (2010–2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Determining sea-level rise in the Caribbean: A shift from temperature to mass control

Maitland,

Richter,

Raj

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Tropical Small Island Developing States (SIDS), such as those in the Caribbean, are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, most notably sea-level rise. The current sea-level rise in the Caribbean is 3.40 ± 0.3 mm/year (1993–2019), which is similar to the 3.25 ± 0.4 mm/year global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise (1993–2018). Throughout the year, Caribbean seasonal sea-level variability is found to respond to sea surface temperature variability. Over the past few decades, the trend in Caribbean Sea-level rise is also found to be variable. Satellite altimetry and steric sea-level records of the Caribbean region reveal a shift in the late 2003-early 2004, which separates two distinct periods of sea-level rise. Thermal expansion dominates the sea-level trend from 1993–2003. Following this period, there is an increased trend in sea-level rise, with a dominance of mass changes from 2004–2019, as confirmed by GRACE data. During this period, the sea-level trend is 6.15 ± 0.5 mm/year, which is 67% faster than the most recent estimates of global mean sea-level rise provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (3.69 ± 0.5 mm/year for the period 2006–2018). Despite its reduced importance, increasing temperatures contribute greatly to sea-level rise in the Caribbean region through thermal expansion of ocean water, hence there is a need to limit the current trend of global warming.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Determining sea-level rise in the Caribbean: A shift from temperature to mass control

Maitland,

Richter,

Raj

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…Sea ice is instead slowly transported across the Arctic by the transpolar drift (Serreze et al, 1989), taking 1.5 to 3 years to travel from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait (Pfirman et al, 1997;Steele et al, 2004). The transpolar drift and ice deformation rates have been observed to be accelerating since the early 2000s (Rampal et al, 2011;Spreen et al, 2011); just recently, the MOSAiC drift expedition has shown that the transpolar drift can, indeed, be unusually fast and thus is capable of rapidly transporting sea ice out of the Arctic (Krumpen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean 2010–2019

Solomon

Heuzé²,

Rabe

et al. 2021

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The Arctic climate system is rapidly transitioning into a new regime with a reduction in the extent of sea ice, enhanced mixing in the ocean and atmosphere, and thus enhanced coupling within the ocean–ice–atmosphere system; these physical changes are leading to ecosystem changes in the Arctic Ocean. In this review paper, we assess one of the critically important aspects of this new regime, the variability of Arctic freshwater, which plays a fundamental role in the Arctic climate system by impacting ocean stratification and sea ice formation or melt. Liquid and solid freshwater exports also affect the global climate system, notably by impacting the global ocean overturning circulation. We assess how freshwater budgets have changed relative to the 2000–2010 period. We include discussions of processes such as poleward atmospheric moisture transport, runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic glaciers, the role of snow on sea ice, and vertical redistribution. Notably, sea ice cover has become more seasonal and more mobile; the mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet increased in the 2010s (particularly in the western, northern, and southern regions) and imported warm, salty Atlantic waters have shoaled. During 2000–2010, the Arctic Oscillation and moisture transport into the Arctic are in-phase and have a positive trend. This cyclonic atmospheric circulation pattern forces reduced freshwater content on the Atlantic–Eurasian side of the Arctic Ocean and freshwater gains in the Beaufort Gyre. We show that the trend in Arctic freshwater content in the 2010s has stabilized relative to the 2000s, potentially due to an increased compensation between a freshening of the Beaufort Gyre and a reduction in freshwater in the rest of the Arctic Ocean. However, large inter-model spread across the ocean reanalyses and uncertainty in the observations used in this study prevent a definitive conclusion about the degree of this compensation.

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“…Yet, various studies assessed trends and their underlying drivers in multiple observations of individual ECVs, often in combination with trends in reanalysis products, e.g., for precipitation (Zhang et al 2007), soil moisture (Preimesberger et al 2020), land evaporation (Zhang et al 2016b), and runoff (Yang et al 2019). Several recent studies demonstrated consistency in trends between a selection of water cycle ECVs, mostly between continental ice melt and sea level rise (Zemp et al 2019;Shepherd et al 2020;Raj et al 2020), but substantial uncertainty remains for the land water storage components (Cazenave et al 2018).…”

Section: Example Of Global Integration Of State-of-the-art Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?

Dorigo

Dietrich

Aires

et al. 2021

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor the Earth's climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, resolution, to consistently to characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales.Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water-cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model-data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales.

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Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

Cited by 17 publications

References 71 publications

Determining sea-level rise in the Caribbean: A shift from temperature to mass control

Determining sea-level rise in the Caribbean: A shift from temperature to mass control

Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean 2010–2019

Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?

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