“…It is well established that adipose tissue is a major source of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin) and proinflammatory mediators (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), factor D, IL-6), which mitigate a long-lasting low-grade inflammation and prothrombotic conditions that are exacerbated in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, predisposing to cardio-respiratory failure (reviewed in (12,13)). Indeed, adiponectin circulating levels were shown to be significantly reduced in patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure in multiple studies (14)(15)(16). Moreover, leptin, which serum levels largely depend on the total adipose mass, also provides a high impact on the immune system, as it favors monocytes/macrophages activation, proinflammatory cytokines release and a predominant Th-1 response, the three hallmarks of immune responses noticed in critical COVID-19 patients (16,17).…”