Are Atheists Implicit Theists?

Abstract

The Cognitive Science of Religion commonly advances the view that religious beliefs emerge naturally via specific cognitive biases without cultural influence. From this perspective comes the claim that self-proclaimed atheists harbour traces of supernatural thinking. By exploring the potential influence of the cultural learning mechanism Credibility Enhancing Displays (creds), which affirms beliefs, current disparities between studies involved in priming the implicit theism of atheists, might be reconciled. Eighty-eight university students were randomly assigned to either a religious or control prime condition. A dictator game was completed to obtain an indication of pro-social behaviour (psb). Lifetime theists reported significantly higher religious creds exposure levels than lifetime atheists, though not convert atheists. Conversely, lifetime atheists reported significantly lower creds exposure scores than convert atheists. Convert atheists in the prime condition were significantly more pro-social than lifetime atheists. Additionally, higher scores on the creds exposure measure equated to higher psb in the religious condition than the control condition. The results are consistent with the view that supernatural belief formation is an interactive process between both context and content biases, and that in order to accurately test for implicit theism, past personal differences in exposure to religious creds should be considered.

Predicting age of atheism: credibility enhancing displays and religious importance, choice, and conflict in family of upbringing

“…For these reasons, the performance of the institutional predictors in our analysis does not, in our view, genuinely overturn the robust contribution of CREDs to Age of Atheism. Hitzeman and Wastell (2017) suggested that future research should consider both context and content biases regarding changing levels of religious belief. We second this suggestion, and further suggest that, if successive generations are becoming less religious (and at younger ages) in post-industrial countries, this should be examined in reference to changing patterns of (non)religious socialization (to include levels to CREDs).…”

“…Although they are not entirely without mixed results, a number of studies provide support for the efficacy of CREDs in distinguishing between believers (i.e., theists) and nonbelievers (i.e., atheists), as well as general levels of religiosity in national populations (Gervais & Najle, 2015;Hitzeman & Wastell, 2017;Lanman, 2010Lanman, , 2012Lanman & Buhrmester, 2016;Maij, van Harreveld, Gervais, Schrag, Mohr, & van Elk, 2017;Willard & Cingl, 2017) 2 . Because such research suggests that CREDs influence the acquisition and intergenerational transmission of religious belief, a logical implication of this is that CREDs should impact the age at which one becomes an atheist.…”