Are Barriers the Same Whether I Want to Start or Maintain Exercise? A Narrative Review on Healthy Older Adults

Abstract

To help older adults begin or adhere to regular physical exercise, several studies have endeavored to identify barriers to active behavior. However, there is a lack of information about barriers for active older people. In addition, most of the reviews of the literature compare only active people to inactive or sedentary people without examining in detail the barriers with respect to the degree of commitment to behavioral change. Finally, there is no consistency in the results of studies investigating the effects of barriers on the relationship between stages of change and exercise behavior. The first aim of this narrative review is to compare barriers that affect exercise stages of change from those that affect levels of exercise behavior in a healthy older population and the factors that can lead to relapse or dropout; the second aim is to identify the extent to which barriers hinder the relationships between stages of change and exercise behaviors. The results showed that barriers are well identified in sedentary people and in the first two stages of change (pre-contemplation and contemplation) compared to active seniors and other stages of change (preparation, action and maintenance). Consistency between the formulations of the different stages in comparison with the transtheoretical model and the definition of barriers and the limitations of measuring physical activity in the different studies are discussed. Finally, novel perspectives of research are proposed to address the flaws in the reviewed studies.

Awareness of non-communicable diseases in women: a cross-sectional study

“…Accordingly, a recent review on barriers for physical activity in older adults listed poor health, lack of time and motivation/interest, tiredness, environment (e.g. safe place, weather), self-consciousness about physical appearance, and fear of injury as the dominating barriers [48]. Another barrier may be the distrust in its efficacy.…”

The Perimenopausal Fatigue Self-Management Scale Is Suitable for Evaluating Perimenopausal Taiwanese Women’s Vulnerability to Fatigue Syndrome

“…In order to elucidate this distribution, women with regular menstrual bleeding during the last year were classified as premenopause; those with irregular bleeding during the last 12 months or with an age accompanied by less than one-year natural amenorrhea were defined as perimenopause; and the age at natural menopause was used to indicate the timing of menopause, which was confirmed after one year of amenorrhea [ 21 , 23 ]. Regular exercise was defined as either three or more sessions per week, for at least 20 min per session, of jogging–running, hiking, biking, swimming, or dancing resulting in a medium-to-large increase in reported heart rate or five or more sessions per week, for at least 30 min per session, of any physical activity, such as walking, gardening or yard work, or calisthenics, that resulted in at least some increase in reported heart rate [ 24 ].…”

“… Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). * Menstruation status: please refer to references [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]; ** regular exercise: please see the text and refer to [ 24 ]. …”

Has the Covid-19 Pandemic Period Changed the Exercise Attitudes and Behaviors of Those Who Exercise Regularly?

“…Aynı zamanda, motivasyonel hazırlık aşamaları boyunca bireye davranışı değiştirmesi için rehberlik edecek stratejiler sağlamak için de kullanılır (Hayotte et al 2021). TTM'nin önemli gücü, yapıların seçimine ve müdahalelerin uyarlanmasına izin vererek, bireylerin değişime hazır olup olmamasını tanımlamasıdır (André, & Agbangla, 2020). Bu model, egzersizler üzerinde etkili bir şekilde uygulanmıştır (Marcus, Nigg, Riebe, & Forsyth, 2000).…”