Are Circulating Mg2+ Levels Associated with Glucose Tolerance Profiles and Incident Type 2 Diabetes?

Spiga, Rosangela; Mannino, Gaia Chiara; Mancuso, Elettra; Averta, Carolina; Paone, Claudia; Rubino, Mariangela; Sciacqua, Angela; Succurro, Elena; Perticone, Francesco; Andreozzi, Francesco; Sesti, Giorgio

doi:10.3390/nu11102460

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Some studies showed a statistically significant inverse association between plasma magnesium and total or LDL-cholesterol [95,96], but other studies did not observe any significant association [38,55,57,97]. Moreover, there are numerous publications [53,56,57,98,99], that, in agreement with our results, found statistically significant direct associations between plasma magnesium concentrations and total and/or LDL-cholesterol levels, but they did not emphasize the findings. If confirmed in later studies, these findings may help to explain inconsistent results in some studies analyzing plasma magnesium and cardiovascular risk due to the concomitant increase in the atherogenic LDL-cholesterol, but more research must be done on the potential mechanisms involved.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Several prospective cohort studies have analyzed plasma magnesium concentrations and cardiovascular disease incidence and diabetes risk, and some of them reported inverse associations in a meta-analysis [51]. Although at the cross-sectional level numerous researchers have investigated associations between plasma magnesium concentrations and cardiovascular risk factors including plasma lipids, blood pressure, fasting glucose/diabetes, inflammation markers, among others, the consistency (except for type-2 diabetes), is still low [14,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. Therefore, further studies are required on different populations in order to better understand those associations as well as the demographic and lifestyle factors associated with plasma magnesium concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

et al. 2020

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Several studies have shown that a low magnesium (Mg) intake in the diet is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and greater risk of diabetes. However, the results are not consistent in all populations. To minimize the biases derived from diet measurement, more objective biomarkers of magnesium status have been proposed. Although there is still no ideal biomarker for Mg, several studies have shown that plasma Mg concentrations could be a relatively acceptable biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment. However, further studies are required to better characterize this marker in different populations. Our aim was to analyze the association between plasma Mg concentrations (measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) methods, and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals from a general Mediterranean population (aged 18–80 years). The influence of demographic and lifestyle variables, including adherence to the Mediterranean diet, on plasma Mg concentrations was analyzed. The mean Mg level of the population studied was 0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L, the prevalence of hypomagnesemia (<0.70 mmol/L) being 18.6%. We did not find any statistically significant differences between plasma Mg concentrations and sex, age, tobacco smoking and total adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p > 0.05). We found a statistically significant association between plasma Mg concentrations and the prevalence of type-2 diabetes (0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L in non-diabetics versus 0.73 ± 0.13 mmol/L in diabetics; p = 0.009). Despite the low prevalence of type-2 diabetes in this population (11.24% in subjects with hypomagnesemia versus 3.91%, in normomagnesemia; p = 0.005), hypomagnesemia was associated with greater odds of being diabetic in comparison with normomagnesemia (OR = 3.36; p = 0.016, even after adjustment for sex, age, obesity, and medications). On the other hand, no statistically significant association of plasma Mg concentrations with obesity, hypertension, fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol or uric acid was found. However, in contrast to what was initially expected, a statistically significant association was found between plasma Mg concentrations (basically in the highest quartile) and greater total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results contribute to increasing the evidence gathered by numerous studies on the inverse association between hypomagnesemia and type-2 diabetes, as well as to the observation, previously reported in some studies, of a direct association with hypercholesterolemia. This paradoxical link should be deeply investigated in further studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

et al. 2020

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“…Significant correlations of Mg with TC (r = 0.154, p < 0.001), HDL-C (r = 0.113, p < 0.01), LDL-C (r = 0.170, p < 0.001), but not with TG (r = 0.01, p = 0.981). Higher Mg concentrations were linked with a lower risk of T2DM (OR = 0.765, 95% CI 0.629–0.932, p < 0.01), including in the non-diabetic subjects who were followed-up for nearly 6 years (HR = 0.790, 95% CI: 0.645–0.967; p = 0.022) [ 62 ]. Esmeralda et al (2021) investigated the link between TC, TG and serum/urinary Mg in T2DM versus healthy counterparts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.

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“…Mn has been shown to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β cells ( 21 ), while higher urinary Zn or Pb could increase FPG of Chinese adults ( 22 ). In addition, serum Mg levels have been negatively associated with fasting insulin, and higher copper concentrations could increase the risk of glucose dysregulation during pregnancy ( 23 , 24 ). Our previous study ( 25 ) also found that metals including Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mg in early pregnancy were prospectively related to later FPG in pregnant women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting Plasma Glucose Mediates the Prospective Effect of Maternal Metal Level on Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective and Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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ObjectivePreviously, we found that the presence of maternal serum metals before the 24th week of gestation prospectively increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at 24–28 weeks. We further explored the prospective association between levels of metals and neonatal outcomes and assessed the mediating effects of FPG on these relationships.MethodsA total of 7,644 pregnant women were included in a retrospective cohort study, and the relationships between metals [manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg)] and birth outcomes were explored. Quantile and linear regressions were performed to detect the shifts and associations between metals and neonatal size distribution focused on the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles. Mediation analysis was performed to assess the mediating effect of FPG on metals and birth outcomes.ResultsAfter adjustment, a 50% increase in Mn and Zn levels was related to a 0.136-cm (95% CI: 0.067–0.205) and 0.120-cm (95% CI: 0.046–0.193) increase in head circumference, respectively. Based on head circumference distribution, the magnitude of the association with Mn was smaller at the upper tail, while the magnitude of correlation with Zn was greater at the upper tail. A 50% increase in Mn and Zn levels was related to a 0.135-cm (95% CI: 0.058–0.212) and 0.095-cm (95% CI: 0.013–0.178) increase in chest circumference, respectively. The magnitude of the association with Mn increased with increasing chest circumference, while the magnitude of correlation with Zn decreased with increasing chest circumference. FPG explained 10.00% and 17.65% of the associations of Mn with head and chest circumference. A positive indirect effect of Zn associated with head circumference (0.004, 95% CI: 0.002–0.006) and chest circumference (0.005, 95% CI: 0.003–0.008) through FPG was also observed, and the estimated proportion of the mediating effect was 13.79% and 26.32%, respectively.ConclusionMaternal serum Mn and Zn levels before the 24th week of gestation may prospectively increase the circumference of the neonatal head and chest. FPG at 24–28 weeks had positive mediating effects on these relationships. Further research is needed to identify a balance between maternal blood glucose and birth size.

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Are Circulating Mg2+ Levels Associated with Glucose Tolerance Profiles and Incident Type 2 Diabetes?

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review

Fasting Plasma Glucose Mediates the Prospective Effect of Maternal Metal Level on Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective and Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study

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