Are elderly men worried about crime?

Examining the Effects of Health in Explaining Fear of Crime: A Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Level Analysis

“…Women (Franklin & Franklin, 2009;May, Rader, & Goodrum, 2010;Reid & Konrad, 2004), racial minorities (Chiricos & Eschholz, 2002;Lane & Meeker, 2003b;Skogan & Maxfield, 1981), those that are very old and very young (Beaulieu, Dube, Bergeron, & Cousineau, 2007;May & Dunaway, 2000;Melde, 2009;Warr & Ellison, 2000), those who live in poverty (Pain, 2001;Pantazis, 2000), unmarried individuals (Rader, 2008;Schafer, Huebner, & Bynum, 2006) and parents (Mesch, 2000;Warr & Ellison, 2000) are more fearful of crime than their counterparts. In addition, people who live in neighborhoods that are more diverse (Covington & Taylor, 1991;Eitle & Taylor, 2008), have more social and physical incivilities (e.g., trash in the streets, broken windows; Robinson, Lawton, Taylor, & Perkins, 2003;Wyant, 2008), and less social cohesion (Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997;Scarborough, Like-Haislip, Novak, Lucas, & Alarid, 2010) report more fear of crime.…”

“…Fear of crime researchers have determined that three groups who feel particularly vulnerable to victimization are women (Cossman & Rader, 2011;Franklin & Franklin, 2009;Killias & Clerici, 2000), the elderly (Beaulieu et al, 2007;Ehrhom & Greve, 1999;Stiles et al, 2003), and younger people (Goodey, 1994). This is based on the idea that members of these groups may believe they are not physically strong enough to protect themselves from victimization.…”

“…Researchers have specifically considered if old age causes fear of crime (and health is a by-product) or if health causes fear of crime (Beaulieu et al, 2007;Pantazis, 2000;Ziegler & Mitchell, 2003). At least one study has found that health may moderate the relationship between old age and fear of crime (McKee & Milner, 2000).…”

Perceived personal safety in relation to urban woodland vegetation – A review

“…Pain (1997) Age has often been connected to perceived personal safety and avoidance of places outdoors, but 167 the relationship is complex. Older women in particular have been described as afraid, but also 168 older men (Beaulieu et al, 2007). A British study showed that fear limits park use by the elderly 169 more than for young people (Madge, 1997).…”

“…Pain (1997) (Milligan & Bingley, 2007). Furthermore, perception of personal safety changes with life 180 experiences, such as becoming a parent (Koskela, 1997;Valentine, 1992) or being the victim of 181 crime (Koskela, 1997;Beaulieu et al, 2007). An individual can thereby change the way in which 182 he or she perceives environments in terms of safety.…”