Are endemic species necessarily ecological specialists? Functional variability and niche differentiation of two threatened Dianthus species in the montane steppes of northeastern Iran

Behroozian, Maryam; Ejtehadi, Hamid; Memariani, Farshid; Pierce, Simon; Mesdaghi, M

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68618-7

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We collected the leaves from robust and well‐grown plants. Leaf material was collected from 10 individuals of each species (Behroozian et al, 2020 ), packed in moist paper bags, sealed in plastic bags and stored in a thermal box until storage at 4℃ for 12–24 hr. Depending on the size of leaves, 2–10 undamaged, fully expanded young leaves (including the petiole) were measured per individual.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the intensive grazing and aridity change the relations between the dominant shrub Artemisia kopetdaghensis and plants under its canopies?

Rahmanian

Ejtehadi

Farzam

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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The interspecific plant interactions along grazing and aridity stress gradients represent a major research issue in plant ecology. However, the combined effects of these two factors on plant-plant interactions have been poorly studied in the northeast of Iran. To fill this knowledge gap, 144 plots were established in 12 study sites with different grazing intensities (high vs. low) and climatic characteristics (arid vs. semiarid) in northeastern Iran. A dominant shrub, Artemisia kopetdaghensis, was selected as the model species. Further, we studied changes in plant life strategies along the combined grazing and aridity stress gradients. In this study, we used relative interaction indices calculated for species richness, Shannon diversity, and species cover to determine plant-plant interactions using linear mixed-effect models (LMM). The indicator species analysis was used to identify the indicator species for the undercanopy of shrub and for the adjacent open areas. The combined effects of grazing and aridity affected the plant-plant interactions and plant life strategies (CSR) of indicator species. A. kopetdaghensis showed the highest facilitation effect under high stress conditions (high grazing, high aridity), which turned into competition under the low stress conditions (low grazing, low aridity). In the arid region, the canopy of the shrub protected ruderals, annual forbs, and grasses in both high and low grazing intensities. In the semiarid region and high grazing intensity (low aridity/high grazing), the shrubs protected mostly perennial forbs with C-strategy. Our findings highlight the importance of context-dependent shrub management to restore the vegetation damaged by the intensive grazing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the intensive grazing and aridity change the relations between the dominant shrub Artemisia kopetdaghensis and plants under its canopies?

Rahmanian

Ejtehadi

Farzam

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Intriguingly, the alteration of phenotype by polyploidy suggests that plant functioning and tness may be fundamentally changed, but a preliminary classi cation of the species in our dataset according to Grime's CSR ecological strategies (method of Pierce et al 2017) showed that no particular strategy class was associated with polyploidy: species adapted to survive competition, stress or disturbance all exhibited an extremely wide range of chromosome numbers (data not shown). Rather than re ecting tness and adaptation, the high incidence of endemic polyploids could depend mainly on limited time for dispersal and colonizing new areas, as has been suggested for certain species (Behroozian et al 2020). Indeed, it has been determined that polyploid plant species rely mainly on vegetative reproduction (Herben et al 2017), which is usually ineffective for wide or rapid dispersal (Winkler and Fischer 2001;Herben et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For many endemics, reasons for range restriction are evident. For example, they may be limited to a small area because they can occupy a limited ecological niche (Williams et al 2009), or have originated by hybridization and occur only in the area of contact between the progenitor species (Grünig et al 2021), they may be relict species remaining from a much wider past range (paleo-endemics; Petrova et al 2015) or are recent species (neo-endemics, sensu Stebbins and Major 1965) yet to disperse beyond the centre of origin (Behroozian et al 2020). An additional explanation may lie with genome duplication (polyploidy), which effectively represents an 'instantaneous', sympatric speciation mechanism (Mayr 1963), and can be a major driver of plant evolution (Levin 1983;Otto and Whitton 2000;Soltis et al 2014;Van de Peer 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endemism in Recently Diverged Angiosperms Is Associated With Chromosome Set Duplication

Villa

Montagna

Pierce

2021

Preprint

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Chromosome set duplication (polyploidy) drives instantaneous speciation and shifts in ecology for angiosperms, and is frequently observed in neo-endemic species. However, the extent to which chromosome set duplication is associated with endemism throughout the flowering plants has not been determined. We hypothesised that across the angiosperms polyploidy is more frequent and more pronounced (higher evident ploidy levels) for recent endemics. Data on chromosome counts, molecular dating and distribution for 4210 species belonging to the major clades of angiosperms were mined from literature-based databases. As all clades include diploid taxa, with polyploids representing a possible ‘upper limit’ to the number of chromosomes over evolutionary time, upper boundary regression was used to investigate the relationship between the number of chromosomes and time since taxon divergence, both across clades and separately for families, with endemic and non-endemic species compared. A significant negative exponential relationship between the number of chromosomes and taxon age was evident across angiosperm clades (R2adj=0.48 with endemics and non-endemics considered together, R2adj=0.46 for endemics; R2adj=0.44 for non-endemics; p ≤0.0001 in all cases), which was three times stronger for endemics (decay constant=0.12, cf. 0.04 for non-endemics). The majority of families exhibited this relationship, with a steeper regression slope for endemic Campanulaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae, Poaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Rosaceae, cf. non-endemics. In conclusion, chromosome duplication is more frequent and extensive in recent angiosperms, particularly young endemics, supporting the hypothesis of polyploidy as a key driver of neo-endemism. However, as young endemics may also be diploid, polyploidy is not an exclusive driver of neo-endemism.

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“…Animal that typically only found in defined geographic area, or called endemic species, are characteristic elements of local biodiversity (Behroozian et al, 2020). So that, endemic species become interesting object material for research because of its unique characteristic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body measurements correlation and x-ray imaging of three Hystrix javanica fetuses in different fetal development stages

et al. 2021

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Hystrix javanica is endemic species in Indonesia. Study about fetal development of Hystrix javanica are very rare because of sample limitation. This study was carried out to describe the morphometrics and x-ray analysis of three fetuses in different stage to give basic information about fetal development of Hystrix javanica. Three fetus samples fixed in Bouin's solution was used in this study. Observation was carried out to identify the characteristic of three fetus samples. This included the pattern of hair, body measurements, body volume, and body weight. X-ray analysis was carried out to know the ossification process in the fetal development. Statistical analysis was carried out using Microsoft 365® Excel program software. Three fetus samples had different specific hair pattern, that was hairless, smooth hairs, and smooth hairs with dense-non dense pattern. Body volume of 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd fetus were 23mL, 90mL, and 170mL, respectively. Body weight of 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd fetus were 19.5g, 79.22g, and 153.18g, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis shown strong relationship between total body length, front body length, back body length, horizontal body diameter, vertical body diameter, head length, and head diameter against body volume and body weight of three fetuses. Significant positive correlation was shown between horizontal body diameter, vertical body diameter, and head diameter against body volume and body length with P value < 0.05. Faint radiopaque images showed in the 2 nd fetus sample and strong radiopaque images showed in the 3 rd fetus sample. Radiopaque images were identified in the teeth, cranium, vertebrae, and extremities bones. In this study we concluded that there was a specific hair pattern in different fetal stage. All body measurements have positive correlation with body volume and body weight and x-ray analysis shown that the ossification of the bone was started to happen while the smooth hair was growth.

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Are endemic species necessarily ecological specialists? Functional variability and niche differentiation of two threatened Dianthus species in the montane steppes of northeastern Iran

Cited by 28 publications

References 44 publications

Does the intensive grazing and aridity change the relations between the dominant shrub Artemisia kopetdaghensis and plants under its canopies?

Does the intensive grazing and aridity change the relations between the dominant shrub Artemisia kopetdaghensis and plants under its canopies?

Endemism in Recently Diverged Angiosperms Is Associated With Chromosome Set Duplication

Body measurements correlation and x-ray imaging of three Hystrix javanica fetuses in different fetal development stages

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