Are Endogenous Androgens Linked to Female Sexual Function? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background The benefits of treatment with testosterone (T) in women with loss of desire suggest that low androgens may distinguish women with sexual dysfunction (SD) from others; however, evidence on this point is lacking. Aim To answer the question: is there an association between endogenous levels of androgens and sexual function in women? Methods An extensive search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo. Four separate meta-analyses were conducted for total T, free T, Free Androgen Index (FAI), and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS). Cohort, cross-sectional, and prospective studies were included. Outcomes The main outcome was the association between endogenous androgens and sexual desire. Global sexual function was considered as a secondary outcome. The effect measure was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Results The meta-analysis on total T included 34 studies involving 3,268 women, mean age 36.5 years. In 11 studies, a significant association was found between sexual desire, measured by validated psychometric instruments, and total T (SMD = 0.59 [0.29;0.88], P < 0.0001), with a moderate effect. The association with global sexual function (n = 12 studies) was also significant (SMD = 0.44 [0.21;0.67], P <0.0001). Overall, total T was associated with a better sexual function (SMD = 0.55 [0.28;0.82)], P < 0.0001), with similar results obtained when poor quality studies were removed. Age showed a negative relationship with the overall outcome. No differences were found when stratifying the studies according to menopausal status, type of menopause, age at menopause, use of hormonal replacement therapy, relationship status, method for T measurement, phase of the menstrual cycle or use of hormonal contraception. The meta-analysis of T derivatives (free T and FAI) also showed a significant, moderate association with sexual desire. In contrast, DHEAS seems not to exert any significant influence on desire, whilst showing a positive association with global sexual function. Clinical Implications Endogenous androgens show a moderate association with a better sexual function in women; however, the role of psychological, relational and other hormonal factors should not be overlooked. Strengths & Limitations This represents the first attempt at meta-analyzing data available on the topic. A significant publication bias was found for total T. Conclusion There appears to be a moderate association between total T and sexual desire/global sexual function, which is confirmed, although weak, in studies employing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Similar results on desire were obtained for free T and FAI. DHEAS only showed a positive association with global sexual function. More research is needed.

Effect of time‐restricted eating on sex hormone levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal females

“…However, among postmenopausal females, adrenal DHEA becomes one of the major precursors of estrogens and androgens. A decrease in DHEA among postmenopausal woman can induce sexual dysfunction [24], diminished skin tone [25], and vaginal dryness [26]. Although DHEA values decreased in the present study, they were still within the normal range for both premenopausal females (1.12–7.43 ng/mL) and postmenopausal females (0.6–5.7 ng/mL) [27].…”

Fatigue have impact on the sexual problems in Chinese females with systemic lupus erythematosus

“…Therefore, another important issue is related to the lack of blood androgens assessment in this study. Indeed previous study clearly showed that and serum levels of testosterone was significantly lower in SLE patients than control [ 30 ], and low androgen was associated with fatigue [ 31 , 32 ] and female sexual dysfunction in previous study [ 33 ]. A global consensus statement has recommended the treatment with testosterone in this kind of patients with sexual concerns [ 34 ].…”

Female Sexual Dysfunctions: A Clinical Perspective on HSDD, FAD, PGAD, and FOD

“…8.2.5). Although there is no threshold for any androgen that can be used to diagnose women with FSD, a recent meta-analysis concluded that there appears to be a moderate association between endogenous total testosterone levels and sexual desire [14]. Studies on female rats treated with estradiol, testosterone, and aromatase inhibitors first suggested that aromatization may not be necessary for testosterone to increase the sensitivity of the response to male-related cues [15].…”

“…All pathological and physiological conditions that determine lower androgen and free androgen levels, besides iatrogenic menopause, may result in diminished desire [14]. Among these, pregnancy, puerperium, lactation, pathological hyperprolactinemia, hypopituitarism, hypothalamic amenorrhea, adrenal insufficiency, primary ovarian insufficiency, and increased sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG), which is common in women using hormonal contraception, are particularly important [30].…”