Are EU standards detrimental to Africa’s exports?

Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Martínez‐Zarzoso, Inmaculada

doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.04.006

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Second, cocoa is a perennial crop that is very sensitive to climate change and variability; production or harvest deficit can take place due to climate variability and disease, which may result in a reduction in the ability to export for Cameroon. Still, some of the zeros may be attributed to statistical zeros due to rounding up or missing data points in the United Nations Commodity Trade (UN COMTRADE) database ( Kareem and Martinez-Zarzoso, 2020 ). Yotov et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Wongmonta (2021) finds evidence that non-arbitrary and informative sanitary and phytosanitary measures imposed by China on Thai fruit exports have a trade propelling effect. In addition, Kareem and Martínez-Zarzoso (2020) investigated how the regulatory margin in food standards affects Africa's fish exports to the EU and found that relative to the international standards, EU fish standards were found to be non-trade restrictive. The rejected fish exports from Africa by the EU due to non-compliance with EU standards does not point to the overly restrictive nature of the measures but rather suggests the poor quality of Africa's fish exports and weak regulatory and institutional framework.…”

Section: Literature Review and Stylized Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon's cocoa exports: An application of the gravity model

Assoua

Molua

Nkendah

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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There is growing concerns about food quality and food safety standards along the agricultural value chain in recent years. This study seeks to analyse the effect of changes in food policy regulations, particularly sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon's cocoa exports and to explore the compliance strategy to sanitary and phytosanitary measures adopted by institutional actors in the cocoa sub-sector. To achieve this, the study used a mixed methodological approach, consisting of both qualitative and quantitative approaches using business surveys and gravity-based models respectively. Key informant interviews were conducted with major institutional actors in the cocoa sub-sector and the data were analysed using the thematic content analysis. The study used panel data on Cameroon's cocoa trade with 10 major importing countries between 2001 and 2017 using the gravity model. The results indicate that institutional actors had adopted both reactive and proactive compliance strategies to sanitary and phytosanitary measures in importing markets. Also, the result suggests that cocoa export from Cameroon is not significantly influenced by sanitary and phytosanitary measures in major importing markets. Other factors such as gross domestic product, common language, and population were significant in influencing trade flows. The results also point to the limited supply-side capacity of the export commodity. These findings necessitate the need to strengthen Cameroon's standards-setting institutions and the regulatory framework to improve Cameroon's capacity to comply with sanitary and phytosanitary measures and to improve the export quality. Also, it is important to implement policies to address supply-side constraints and low productive capacity in the cocoa sub-sector.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Review and Stylized Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon's cocoa exports: An application of the gravity model

Assoua

Molua

Nkendah

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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“…To address this issue, in column (1) of table 2, we use Baier and Bergstrand’s approach, where the MRTs are obtained through the first‐order Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear system of price equations within the theoretical gravity setting developed by Anderson and van Wincoop. This way of approaching MRTs has been used by Egger and Nelson, Berger, Easterly, Nunn and Satyanath, Ehrich and Mangelsdorf, and Kareem and Martínez‐Zarzoso. Here, we assume that bilateral trade costs are given by distance, common language, landlocked status, and, in the absence of bilateral tariff data, the average tariff.…”

Section: Gravity Model and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Power politics and the expansion of US exports, 1879–1938

Junguito

Restrepo-Estrada²

2023

The Economic History Review

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In this paper we present for the first-time quantitative evidence of the effect of U.S. power policy on the expansion of its export market from the late-19th century to the eve of World War II. U.S. imperial policies were expressed through annexation, dominion, and gunboat policies, as did other empires, and exports to these markets grew more than three times faster than the rest of the territories. Our most relevant contribution to the discussion that power plays a critical role in international trade is based on a new geographically extensive database with information on bilateral trade flows, market size, trade costs and variables that capture U.S. political and military power. We first estimate a gravity equation to see the relationship between our political variables and U.S exports and then we present causal evidence of the role of the colonies and protectorates in the expansion of U.S exports through an event study and the estimation of a generalized difference-in-differences model.

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“…Di sisi lain, standar yang tinggi yang ditetapkan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap impor ikan mengakibatkan banyak produk ikan dari Afrika tertolak. Hal itu menyebabkan negara produsen ikan menyiapkan biaya operasional yang tinggi guna memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan (Kareem & Martínez-Zarzoso, 2020). Namun, sepanjang tahun 2015-2016 produk ekspor ikan dari Afrika ke Uni Eropa tumbuh lebih dari 10% per tahun (Olabisi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Praktik Standardisasi Dan Proteksionisme DI Duniaunclassified

Proteksionisme dan Standardisasi Garam Konsumsi Beryodium

Sunoko¹,

Saefuddin²,

Syarief³

et al. 2022

Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan

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Garam memiliki peranan penting sebagai bagian ekonomi masyarakat pesisir serta sejarah yang panjang, khususnya di wilayah pesisir Jawa dan Madura. Dalam praktik tata niaga, garam hasil produksi petambak garam dibeli oleh pedagang/produsen yang sebagian besar diolah untuk memenuhi pasar garam konsumsi beryodium dan kebutuhan garam bahan baku industri, seperti industri aneka pangan. Dengan melakukan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dan pengamatan langsung terhadap proses produksi garam dari bahan baku hingga menjadi produk olahan serta wawancara kepada petambak garam, pedagang garam, dan pengolah garam, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi lebih lanjut bagaimana praktik standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis kebijakan standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium, apakah merupakan bagian dari proteksionisme atau tidak serta bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium dengan kandungan NaCl>94% berada di bawah rekomendasi Codex (>97%). Implementasi SNI garam konsumsi beryodium merupakan contoh pseudo-protectionism dalam bentuk under-standardization. Kebijakan ini mampu memberikan pasar bagi produksi garam nasional dengan tetap menjunjung fairness dalam perdagangan global. Implikasi atas kebijakan ini mempertegas posisi pemerintah yang memiliki andil besar dalam rangka meningkatkan daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Namun, under-standardization sebagai suatu bentuk proteksionisme tidak akan efektif ketika tidak terjadi peningkatan kualitas bahan baku garam di hulu. Kebijakan ini memiliki manfaat jangka pendek, tetapi tidak mampu menjadi katalis bagi peningkatan daya saing IKM pengolah garam dan petambak garam itu sendiri. Meskipun terdapat jaminan tersedianya pasar bagi garam produksi petambak garam nasional, itu tidak menjamin harga yang baik. Hal itu disebabkan oleh pasar garam konsumsi dan pengasinan ikan yang tidak mampu menyerap seluruh produksi nasional. Sementara itu, industri lainnya menggunakan garam impor yang sesuai dengan spesifikasi kebutuhan industrinya.Tittle: Protectionism and Iodized Food Salt Standardization Salt has a significant role as a part of the coastal economy communities and has a long history, especially in coastal areas of Java dan Madura Islands. In commercial practice, solar salt is produced by farmers and delivered to the market as raw material. In the processing plant, solar salt is processed to be iodized food salt and to fulfill industry needed. By conducting a descriptive analysis approach and direct observation of the salt production process from raw materials to processed products as well as interviews with salt farmers, salt traders,and salt processors, this study aims to explore further how the practice of standardizing iodized food salt in Indonesia. This study also analyzes the policy of standardization of iodized consumption salt, whether it is part of protectionism or not and how it affects the competitiveness of salt farmers and small and medium industries (SMEs) for processing salt. The standardization of iodized consumption salt with NaCl content >94% is below the Codex recommendation (>97%). The implementation of the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) for iodized consumption salt is an example of pseudo-protectionism in the form of understandardization. This policy can provide a market for national salt production while upholding fairness in global trade. The implication of this policy emphasizes the position of the government which has a major role in increasing the competitiveness of salt farmers and IKM for processing salt. However, under-standardization as a form of protectionism will not be effective if there is no improvement in the quality of salt raw materials upstream. This policy has short-term benefits but cannot be a catalyst for increasing the competitiveness of salt processing SMEs and salt farmers themselves. Although there is a guarantee that there will be a market available for salt produced by national salt farmers, it does not guarantee a good price. This is due to the market of iodized consumption salt and fish salting which are unable to absorb the entire national production. Meanwhile, on the other hand, other industries use imported salt according to the specifications of the industrial needs.

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Are EU standards detrimental to Africa’s exports?

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

The effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon's cocoa exports: An application of the gravity model

The effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon's cocoa exports: An application of the gravity model

Power politics and the expansion of US exports, 1879–1938

Proteksionisme dan Standardisasi Garam Konsumsi Beryodium

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