Are ionic liquids effective curing agents for preparing epoxy adhesives?

Orduna, Lidia; Razquin, Iker; Aranburu, Nora; Guerrica-Echevarría, Gonzalo

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103438

Cited by 9 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

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“…The total content of ionic liquids in the system varies at about 12% by weight, with about 2% by weight being [EMIM] [dca], which acts as a cure initiator (CA) in the epoxy system. The mode of action and properties of this liquid as a curing agent have been studied by numerous groups of scientists [32,[45][46][47][48], and it is because this substance is so well known that it was chosen for this study. The polymerization of the epoxy resin initiated by [EMIM] [dca] starts around 80-100 • C, depending on the type of resin.…”

Section: Synthesis and Preparation Of Modification Formulations Based...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Zielinski,

Szpecht,

Pomázi

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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The continuous development of the industry of composite materials and epoxy resins requires the development of components that modify these systems. It is extremely beneficial to modify functionality by using one or two substances instead of modifying only one system parameter. Typically, this end-use will determine the key parameters of the resin system that should be modified and the modification systems designed as such. In this study, we introduce novel systems utilizing ionic liquids, strategically designed to concurrently alter multiple system parameters, including: (i) flexibility, (ii) crosslinking density, and (iii) fire resistance. The following techniques were used in the research: (i) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), (ii) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), (iii) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and (iv) fire performance tests (UL-94, Limiting Oxygen Index and Mass loss type cone calorimetry (MLC)) to show as much dependence of material parameters on the type of modifying additive as possible. Both the cured resin and the curing process as well as a single-layer composite reinforced with carbon fiber were tested. The results show that properly designed ionic liquids are able to perform many functions in the composite material and simultaneously affect several parameters, both by lowering and increasing them. In addition, they can exhibit activity in the field of flame-retardant composites.

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Section: Synthesis and Preparation Of Modification Formulations Based...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Zielinski,

Szpecht,

Pomázi

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Supported Ionic Liquid‐Phase Materials (SILP) as a Multifunctional Group of Highly Stable Modifiers and Hardeners for Carbon and Flax Epoxy Composites

Zielinski,

Szpecht,

Kukawka

et al. 2024

ChemPlusChem

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This paper introduces a novel approach to enhance epoxy resin formulations by using SILP materials as multifunctional hardeners and fillers in composite structures reinforced with carbon and flax fibers. This study explores the integration of ionic liquids (ILs) onto a silica support structure, presenting various permutations involving silica selection, ionic liquid choice, and concentration. The focus of this study was to elucidate the influence of SILP on resin curing ability and the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Detailed research was conducted, including Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis (BET) for SILP materials and curing characterization for epoxy resin formulations with different SILP materials. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the obtained composites were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis (SEM) (the force at break, the maximum elongation at break, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity). Through SILP incorporation, the mechanical properties of composites, including the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, are substantially improved, a phenomenon akin to traditional filler effects. The findings highlight SILP materials as prospective candidates for concurrent hardening and filling roles within composites (through a single‐step procedure, with prolonged storage stability and controlled processing conditions), particularly pertinent as the composite industry veers toward epoxy bioresins necessitating liquefaction via temperature application.

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Design of Reversible Adhesives by Using a Triple Function of Ionic Liquids

Wanghofer,

Kriehuber,

Reisinger

et al. 2024

Macro Materials & Eng

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Reversible adhesives are crucial for a circular economy of composites as they play a key role for rework, repair, and recycling of adhesively bonded components. Herein, electrically debondable adhesives are prepared by introducing ionic liquids in dynamic thiol–epoxy networks. The function of the ionic liquid in the networks is threefold as it accelerates the curing reaction between thiol and epoxy monomers, facilitates electrical debonding, and catalyzes thermoactivated transesterification reactions, required for rebonding at elevated temperature. A library of 1,3‐dibutylimidazolium‐based ionic liquids with varying anions is synthetized and it is found that 1,3‐dibutyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium dicyanamide (DiButIm─N(CN)2) is superior in accelerating bond‐exchange reactions between hydroxy and ester moieties at elevated temperature. Thus, a thiol–epoxy resin containing 20 wt% of DiButIm─N(CN)2 is used to impregnate glass fiber mats yielding adhesive connections for aluminum substrates with 10.2 MPa pull‐off strength. The adhesive connections are successfully debonded at the metal–adhesive interface by applying 120 V. The samples are then rebonded via the thermoactivated change in the networks’ viscoelastic properties and ≈80% (8.1 MPa) of their original bond strength can be regained. By providing a simple strategy to synthetize reversible adhesives, this approach paves a way toward improved recyclability and repairability of adhesively bonded structures.

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Are ionic liquids effective curing agents for preparing epoxy adhesives?

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Supported Ionic Liquid‐Phase Materials (SILP) as a Multifunctional Group of Highly Stable Modifiers and Hardeners for Carbon and Flax Epoxy Composites

Design of Reversible Adhesives by Using a Triple Function of Ionic Liquids

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