Are Lithium Ion Cells Intrinsically Safe?

Dubaniewicz, Thomas H.; DuCarme, Joseph P.

doi:10.1109/tia.2013.2263274

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…They concluded that the LiFePO 4 cell was safer than the LiCoO 2 cell, but cautioned that the LiFePO 4 cell produced a high temperature and pressure. The LiCoO 2 pressure result is consistent with ARC test results by other labs using relatively small volume chambers as reviewed previously (Dubaniewicz and DuCarme, 2013). …”

Section: Background/literature Reviewsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The plastic wedge produced internal short circuits for all crush tests attempted under the NIOSH study reported here and previously (Dubaniewicz and DuCarme, 2013, 2014). All of these plastic wedge tests used only a fraction of the force specified for the UL flat plate crush test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Efforts to develop methods to induce an internal short circuit with a plastic wedge inside the 20-L chamber containing 6.5% CH 4 -air were described previously (Dubaniewicz and DuCarme, 2013, 2014). Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous phases of the study (Dubaniewicz and DuCarme, 2013, 2014) demonstrated a potential methane (CH 4 )-air ignition hazard from internal short circuit within selected Li-ion secondary and lithium primary cells, and a potentially safer Li-ion secondary cell that uses a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) cathode chemistry to weaken exothermic reactions within the cell. The potential for ambient explosive atmosphere ignition by li-ion cell thermal runaway was described in terms of cell chemistry (lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) for example), and spiral wound construction with a thin separator (Figs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

Dubaniewicz

DuCarme

2016

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Researchers with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) studied the potential for lithium-ion cell thermal runaway from an internal short circuit in equipment for use in underground coal mines. In this third phase of the study, researchers compared plastic wedge crush-induced internal short circuit tests of selected lithium-ion cells within methane (CH4)-air mixtures with accelerated rate calorimetry tests of similar cells. Plastic wedge crush test results with metal oxide lithium-ion cells extracted from intrinsically safe evaluated equipment were mixed, with one cell model igniting the chamber atmosphere while another cell model did not. The two cells models exhibited different internal short circuit behaviors. A lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cell model was tolerant to crush-induced internal short circuits within CH4-air, tested under manufacturer recommended charging conditions. Accelerating rate calorimetry tests with similar cells within a nitrogen purged 353-mL chamber produced ignitions that exceeded explosion proof and flameproof enclosure minimum internal pressure design criteria. Ignition pressures within a 20-L chamber with 6.5% CH4-air were relatively low, with much larger head space volume and less adiabatic test conditions. The literature indicates that sizeable lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) primary (non rechargeable) cell ignitions can be especially violent and toxic. Because ignition of an explosive atmosphere is expected within explosion proof or flameproof enclosures, there is a need to consider the potential for an internal explosive atmosphere ignition in combination with a lithium or lithium-ion battery thermal runaway process, and the resulting effects on the enclosure.

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Section: Background/literature Reviewsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

Dubaniewicz

DuCarme

2016

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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“…Most of these tests provoke thermal issues by short circuiting, heating, decay of components or combinations of these damaging effects. Widely applied mechanical testing methods involve dropping cells from defined altitudes (drop tests), crushing or piercing cells with conductive (nail tests) and non-conductive (wedge/crush tests) tools [6,[18][19][20]. Electrical testing is performed by overcharging, deep discharging and externally short circuiting the cells [6,[20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

Lammer

Königseder

Gluschitz

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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Zinc Metal Energy Storage Devices under Extreme Conditions of Low Temperatures

2020

Batteries & Supercaps

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Zinc‐based energy storage devices have received extensive attention because of their low‐cost and high‐safety characteristics. Numerous breakthroughs have been made in this field in recent years. Some special applications, such as polar inspections, oil exploration, high‐altitude drones, aerospace, and cold regions, place higher requirements on the performance of zinc‐based energy storage devices under extreme conditions of low temperatures. However, aqueous electrolytes will freeze at sub‐zero temperatures, resulting in device failure. Besides, the sluggish kinetics of the electrodes at low temperatures limits their capacity retention and rate performance. During the past several years, considerable efforts have been devoted to circumventing these problems. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on zinc metal energy storage devices under extreme conditions of low temperatures. Three aspects including the design of anti‐freezing electrolytes, low‐temperature‐resistant cathode materials, and zinc anodes are discussed. Finally, a perspective on this field is summarized to guide future researches.

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Are Lithium Ion Cells Intrinsically Safe?

Cited by 40 publications

References 18 publications

Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

Zinc Metal Energy Storage Devices under Extreme Conditions of Low Temperatures

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