Eucalyptus camaldulensis can be seen as an iconic tree of superlatives. It is the eucalypt with the widest native range, and one of the most widely planted eucalypts around the globe. In South Africa, it is the most widespread and the most aggressively invasive eucalypt. It has many uses, but also causes major impacts. However, little is known about key aspects of its ecology in South Africa, including its invasion history, invasion processes and dynamics, and people's perceptions of its positive and negative effects on ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for developing robust and defendable guidelines for sustainable management of the species. This paper provides a comprehensive dossier of the species in South Africa. It reviews what is known of its introduction and planting history, its current distribution, its value for commercial forestry and other uses, its impacts as an invasive species, pests and pathogens associated with the species, people's perceptions of the species and conflicts of interest, and the options for management and restoration. The review reveals that E. camaldulensis is a tree of many contradictions in South Africa, making it a poster-child example of a conflict-generating non-native species. Based on available knowledge, we assess options for improved management. We highlight several knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in more detail through future research. It is hoped that this species profile will serve as a model for the types of information that are needed for developing objective management strategies for non-native tree species in different parts of the world. Keywords: Conflicts of interest; Eucalyptus; impacts; introduction history; invasive species management; pests and diseases; tree invasions
BACKGROUNDPeople and trees have an intimate and vital relationship (e.g. Hayman, 2003;Coder et al., 2017). It is therefore not surprising that many tree species were, and still are being, spread around the world by humans, literally following in the footprints of human civilisation (Richardson, 1998). Trees are used by people for multiple purposes (e.g. food, fuel, paper, timber, shelter, etc.) and contribute to diverse ecosystem services, including net primary production, pollination, soil formation, microclimate provisioning, nutrient cycling, and diverse cultural services (Foli et al., 2014; Castro-Diez et al., 2019). Trees provide ecosystem services worth more than $500 million per year to 10 of the world's megacities (Endreny et al., 2017. On the other hand, many alien tree species also have negative impacts by impacting on ecosystem services or creating new ecosystem disservices (Potgieter et al., 2017). The number of introduced tree species recorded as invasive aliens is increasing rapidly several decades after widespread introductions and plantings of hundreds of tree species in many parts of the world (Richardson, 1998;Richardson and Rejmánek, 2011;Richardson et al., 2014; Rouget et al., 2016).Trees are conspicuous and influential components of vegetation. Because of the...