Are Minority Children Disproportionately Represented in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education?

Morgan, Paul L.; Farkas, George; Hillemeier, Marianne M.; Maczuga, Steve

doi:10.3102/0013189x12459678

Cited by 109 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…Yet substantial underidentification for the general sample was also observed, with only 29% of children meeting diagnostic criteria for specific language impairment subsequently reported by their parents to be receiving services. Other studies have also found that children who are minorities are less likely to be identified as delayed or disabled (Hibel, Farkas, & Morgan, 2010;McManus, McCormick, Acevedo-Garcia, Ganz, & HauserCram, 2009;Morgan et al, 2015) including during the early childhood years (Morgan et al, 2012;Samson & Lesaux, 2009). Delgado and Scott's (2006) analysis of preschool referral rates in Florida indicated that children who are racial/ethnic minorities were less likely to be referred for services.…”

Section: Early Vocabulary Delays and Later Speech/language Service Usementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recent analyses by McManus et al (2013) of a very low birth weight cohort similarly did not include vocabulary delays as a predictor. Morgan et al (2012) reported that 48-month-old children with greater receptive vocabulary knowledge were less likely to be identified as developmentally delayed or disabled, including being diagnosed for communication problems. Yet they did not examine whether this relation with vocabulary knowledge extended specifically to speech/language service use or to the earlier onset of expressive vocabulary delays.…”

Section: Early Vocabulary Delays and Later Speech/language Service Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimating the risk uniquely attributable to expressive vocabulary delays and, separately, children's status as racial/ethnic minorities necessitates extensive statistical control for factors (e.g., low birth weight, family history of disability, low SES, prior behavioral functioning) that may themselves explain observed variation in speech/language service receipt (Delgado & Scott, 2006;MacMillan & Reschly, 1998;Morgan et al, 2012). Doing so helps ensure that the children are otherwise similar in these characteristics, allowing for a more precise estimate of the risk uniquely associated with expressive vocabulary delays and racial/ethnic minority status.…”

Section: Importance Of Control For Confounding Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with these impairments typically display lower reading, mathematics, and behavioral functioning at both the start of kindergarten and throughout elementary school (Harrison, McLeod, Berthelsen, & Walker, 2009;McCormack, Harrison, McLeod, & McAllister, 2011;Morgan, Farkas, Hillemeier, & Maczuga, 2012). Speech and/or language impairments increase children's risk of later being diagnosed as having reading (Catts, Fey, Tomblin, & Zhang, 2002) and behavioral disabilities (Yew & O'Kearney, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurately identifying which young children receive speech/language services may help identify potentially modifiable factors (e.g., expressive vocabulary delays) that might be targeted in early screening and intervention efforts (Harrison & McLeod, 2010). In addition, these analyses may help establish whether some groups of young children are systematically less likely to receive speech/language services in the United States, suggesting the need for additional efforts to ensure that these groups of children are being appropriately evaluated (Morgan, Farkas, Hillemeier, & Maczuga, 2012;Nelson, Nygren, Walker, & Panocha, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Who Receives Speech/Language Services by 5 Years of Age in the United States?

Morgan

Hammer

Farkas

et al. 2016

Am J Speech Lang Pathol

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Purpose: We sought to identify factors predictive of or associated with receipt of speech/language services during early childhood. We did so by analyzing data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; Andreassen & Fletcher, 2005), a nationally representative data set maintained by the U.S. Department of Education. We addressed two research questions of particular importance to speech-language pathology practice and policy. First, do early vocabulary delays increase children's likelihood of receiving speech/language services? Second, are minority children systematically less likely to receive these services than otherwise similar White children? Method: Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for a population-based sample of 9,600 children and families participating in the ECLS-B.Results: Expressive vocabulary delays by 24 months of age were strongly associated with and predictive of children's receipt of speech/language services at 24, 48, and 60 months of age (adjusted odds ratio range = 4.32-16.60). Black children were less likely to receive speech/language services than otherwise similar White children at 24, 48, and 60 months of age (adjusted odds ratio range = 0.42-0.55). Lower socioeconomic status children and those whose parental primary language was other than English were also less likely to receive services. Being born with very low birth weight also significantly increased children's receipt of services at 24, 48, and 60 months of age. Conclusion: Expressive vocabulary delays at 24 months of age increase children's risk for later speech/language services. Increased use of culturally and linguistically sensitive practices may help racial/ethnic minority children access needed services.

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