Are Mothers and Daughters Most Important? How Gender, Childhood Family Dissolution and Parents’ Current Living Arrangements Affect the Personal Care of Parents

Abstract

This study examines adult children’s propensity to provide personal care to older mothers and fathers. The theory of intergenerational solidarity facilitates the understanding of commitment and support between adult children and parents. Solidarity may depend on childhood events as well as the current situation, and we therefore focus on whether there was a parental breakup in childhood and the parent’s current living arrangements. We also focus on the gendered aspects of the relations as earlier research has found stronger matrilinear relationships. The propensity for personal care was analyzed with regression analysis using the 2012 Swedish Generations and Gender Survey. The results show that daughters are more likely than sons to provide personal care to both parents. Parental breakup in childhood does not change the propensity of personal care to any parent. The probability of receiving care is higher for lone mothers than for mothers living with the father, but not for repartnered mothers. Adult children’s care provision does not differ for lone fathers and fathers living with the mother, but children are more likely to provide care to lone fathers than to repartnered fathers. We interpret this to indicate that repartnering weakens ties to fathers but not mothers. The results indicate that the child’s gender and the parent’s living arrangements operate differently with regard to care for mothers and fathers. The most common pattern is care provided from daughters to mothers. For example, daughters of lone mothers are more likely to provide care than sons in the same situation. We conclude that intergenerational solidarity is not affected by parental breakup in childhood but that present living arrangements affect such solidarity in gendered ways.

Will your child take care of you in your old age? Unequal caregiving received by older parents from adult children in Sweden

“…In the Swedish context, results provide a more nuanced picture of gender differences in intergenerational old age care. This study highlights the importance of assessing care intensity and type of care provided (Szebehely et al 2014 ; von Essen and Svedberg 2020 ) in combination with accounting for the dyad characteristics, specifically geographic proximity (Jegermalm 2006 ; Kridahl and Duvander 2021 ) for better understanding potential gender differences. The non-differential social class patterns mirror previous research that has not found differences in educational background in caregiving by adult children in Sweden (Sarasa Urdiola and Billingsley 2008 ; von Essen and Svedberg 2020 ).…”

“…Gender differences tend to be insignificant when considering whether care has been provided at all, or at least monthly (Szebehely et al 2014 ; von Essen and Svedberg 2020 ). However, there are gender differences regarding the type of care and care intensity; daughters are more likely to provide intensive care, for example, personal care (Kridahl and Duvander 2021 ) together with other care tasks. Sons, on the other hand, tend to provide practical care (Jegermalm 2006 ).…”

Financial contributions to stepchildren: The role of gender and postdivorce family structure

“…These gendered parental norms are also reflected in stepfamilies, with breadwinning constituting a large part of a father's identity, leading stepfathers to spend more on their stepchildren's expenses than stepmothers (Hans & Coleman, 2009). Moreover, women have been argued to have “kin‐keeping roles” in (step)families suggesting that women facilitate better father–child relationships (Kridahl & Duvander, 2021). Biological mothers might therefore encourage their partners (i.e., stepfathers) to contribute more than biological fathers might do so with their partners (i.e., stepmothers).…”

Diverse Stepfamilies

“…These gendered parental norms are also reflected in stepfamilies, with breadwinning constituting a large part of a father's identity, leading stepfathers to spend more on their stepchildren's expenses than stepmothers (Hans & Coleman, 2009). Moreover, women have been argued to have "kin-keeping roles" in (step) families suggesting that women facilitate better father-child relationships (Kridahl & Duvander, 2021). Biological mothers might therefore encourage their partners (i.e., stepfathers) to contribute more than biological fathers might do so with their partners (i.e., stepmothers…”