Are Normally Sighted, Visually Impaired, and Blind Pedestrians Accurate and Reliable at Making Street Crossing Decisions?

Hassan, Shirin E.

doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9340

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Geruschat et al (2011) found that pedestrians with full sight were more sensitive when their hearing was occluded, whereas in the low vision groups hearing occlusion did not affect sensitivity. Hassan (2012) was also noted that the visually impaired participants traffic gap detection performance was unaffected by hearing occlusion. There is significant interest in how audio cues are used by the visually impaired, particularly with the increase of quieter hybrid and electric vehicles on the street , and such investigation is a topic of future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Using Virtual Reality to Assess the Street Crossing Behavior of Pedestrians With Simulated Macular Degeneration at a Roundabout

Ashmead

Adams

et al. 2018

Front. ICT

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This work investigates how pedestrian street crossing behavior at a virtual traffic roundabout is affected by central visual field loss. We exposed participants with normal vision to a first-person virtual experience of central visual field loss of variable size in the form of a simulated scotoma, an area of the visual field with degraded visual acuity. A larger size of scotoma influenced people to select longer gaps between traffic, and to wait longer before initiating a crossing. In addition, a gender difference was found for risk taking behavior. Male subjects tended to take more risk, as indicated by the selection of shorter gaps in traffic and a shorter delay before the initiation of a crossing. Our findings generally replicate those of studies done in real-world conditions using participants afflicted with genuine central vision loss, supporting the hypothesis that virtual reality is a safe and accessible alternative for investigating similar issues of public concern.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Using Virtual Reality to Assess the Street Crossing Behavior of Pedestrians With Simulated Macular Degeneration at a Roundabout

Ashmead

Adams

et al. 2018

Front. ICT

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“…With respect to TTC judgments, some studies compared performance when only visual, only auditory, or auditory and visual information were available. The results showed higher accuracy (small difference between estimates of TTC and true TTC values) in the visual-only compared to the auditory-only condition, and varying degrees of an advantage to having both (Hassan, 2012;Schiff and Oldak, 1990;Zhou et al, 2007). Schiff and Oldak (1990) used color sound films recorded in a field setting (a real vehicle approaching on a road).…”

Section: Audiovisual Integration Of Ttc Information For Approaching Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study by Hassan (2012), participants stood at a crossing point on a real street. After observing and/or listening to traffic, participants were prompted to rate whether there was enough time to cross the road.…”

Section: Audiovisual Integration Of Ttc Information For Approaching Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Audiovisual Integration of Time-to-Contact Information for Approaching Objects

2016

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Previous studies of time-to-collision (TTC) judgments of approaching objects focused on effectiveness of visual TTC information in the optical expansion pattern (e.g., visual tau, disparity). Fewer studies examined effectiveness of auditory TTC information in the pattern of increasing intensity (auditory tau), or measured integration of auditory and visual TTC information. Here, participants judged TTC of an approaching object presented in the visual or auditory modality, or both concurrently. TTC information provided by the modalities was jittered slightly against each other, so that auditory and visual TTC were not perfectly correlated. A psychophysical reverse correlation approach was used to estimate the influence of auditory and visual cues on TTC estimates. TTC estimates were shorter in the auditory than the visual condition. On average, TTC judgments in the audiovisual condition were not significantly different from judgments in the visual condition. However, multiple regression analyses showed that TTC estimates were based on both auditory and visual information. Although heuristic cues (final sound pressure level, final optical size) and more reliable information (relative rate of change in acoustic intensity, optical expansion) contributed to auditory and visual judgments, the effect of heuristics was greater in the auditory condition. Although auditory and visual information influenced judgments, concurrent presentation of both did not result in lower response variability compared to presentation of either one alone; there was no multimodal advantage. The relative weightings of heuristics and more reliable information differed between auditory and visual TTC judgments, and when both were available, visual information was weighted more heavily.

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“…While the visually impaired subjects of Hassan's study did not suffer from AMD, they did have central vision loss, since their subjects were all legally-blind based on VA. 26 A possible explanation as to why our study and others 5,26 have found that subjects with either AMD or central vision loss appear to be as good as age-matched normally-sighted subjects in making safe and accurate street-crossing decisions, may relate to the visual functions that were used by subjects to make street-crossing decisions. It is possible that the AMD subjects in our study compensated for their central vision loss by using their remaining peripheral VF to estimate the time required to cross the street and the vehicular gap time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

Street-Crossing Decision-Making: A Comparison between Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Normal Vision

Hassan

Snyder²

2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. We determined whether the street-crossing decisions of subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were as accurate and precise as those made by young and older subjects with normal vision.METHODS. Street-crossing decisions in 13 AMD subjects, and 20 young and 20 older control subjects with normal vision were measured along an un-signalized street for nine different gap times. After calculating the discriminability (d') of the streetcrossing decision variable for all gap pairs and entering these d' values into a one-dimensional scaling model, the means of each distribution of the decision variable relative to a ''center of gravity'' were estimated and plotted against gap time. The resultant plot was a nonlinear function. Street-crossing decision accuracy was computed for each subject as the difference between the x-intercept of the nonlinear function (t COG ) and subjects' measured street-crossing time. Streetcrossing decision-making precision was computed as the value of the slope of the nonlinear function at t COG . RESULTS.We found that all subjects were precise in their streetcrossing decisions (P ¼ 0.55). Significant differences in streetcrossing accuracy were found as a function of age (P ¼ 0.003). Compared to either the older normally-sighted (P ¼ 0.018) or AMD (P ¼ 0.019) subjects, the young normally-sighted subjects made the least accurate street-crossing decisions. No significant difference in accuracy was found between the AMD and age-matched normally-sighted subjects (P ¼ 0.90).CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggested that age and mild central vision loss did not affect significantly a subject's precision in their street-crossing decisions. Age, but not mild central vision loss, significantly affected a subject's accuracy in their streetcrossing decisions. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:6137-6144)

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Are Normally Sighted, Visually Impaired, and Blind Pedestrians Accurate and Reliable at Making Street Crossing Decisions?

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Using Virtual Reality to Assess the Street Crossing Behavior of Pedestrians With Simulated Macular Degeneration at a Roundabout

Using Virtual Reality to Assess the Street Crossing Behavior of Pedestrians With Simulated Macular Degeneration at a Roundabout

Audiovisual Integration of Time-to-Contact Information for Approaching Objects

Street-Crossing Decision-Making: A Comparison between Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Normal Vision

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