Are phonological effects fragile? The effect of luminance and exposure duration on form priming and phonological priming

Frost, Ram; Ahissar, Merav; Gotesman, Riki; Tayeb, Sarah

doi:10.1016/s0749-596x(02)00510-7

Cited by 66 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Therefore, priming effects for nonwords reflect a prelexical computation component that registers the orthographic and phonological properties of the prime, and these form the basis for the subsequent lexical search or activation. Thus, the prelexical computational component is reflected in less facilitation (see Forster, 1998, andFrost et al, 2003 for a discussion). However, focusing on the two higher energy levels where priming was indeed obtained, it appears that the nonwords produced a similar pattern of results as the words.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subsequent labeling of a given computational process (orthographic or phonological) as "fast" or "slow" has been based exclusively on the exposure duration of the prime, while monitoring its potential influence on the processing of the target (e.g., Berent & Perfetti, 1995;Brysbaert, 2001;Ferrand & Grainger, 1992, 1993Grainger & Ferrand, 1996;Lukatela & Turvey, 1994a, 1994bLukatela et al, 1998;Coltheart et al, 2001). Considering, for example, the recent debate in the scientific community regarding the pseudohomophone priming effect reported by Lukatela et al (1998), the subsequent discussions of these findings (e.g., Coltheart et al, 2001, Frost et al, 2003 emerged simply because 29 ms was indeed considered by some researchers to be "too fast" for generating a phonological code.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the second set the SOA between prime and target was kept constant, while the luminance of the stimuli varied from 0.75 cd/m 2 to 7.0 cd/m 2 . Although the main goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of various phonological contrasts to produce priming, one striking finding reported by Frost et al (2003) was that these different experimental procedures yielded similar patterns of results, with similar priming effects.…”

Section: Bloch's Lawmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…2 Targets were always presented in the larger font. This guaranteed complete visual masking of the primes by the targets and made the primes and the targets physically distinct stimuli (see Frost et al, 2003, for a detailed description). Although perceptibility of the prime was not explicitly measured, none of the subjects reported seeing the prime.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Tzur

Frost

2007

Journal of Memory and Language

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Applying Bloch's law to visual word recognition research, both exposure duration of the prime and its luminance determine the prime's overall energy, and consequently determine the size of the priming effect. Nevertheless, experimenters using fast-priming paradigms traditionally focus only on the SOA between prime and target to reflect the absolute speed of cognitive processes under investigation. Some of the discrepancies in results regarding the time course of orthographic and phonological activation in word recognition research may be due to this factor. This hypothesis was examined by manipulating parametrically the luminance of the prime and its exposure duration, measuring their joint impact on masked repetition priming. The results show that small and nonsignificant priming effects can be more than tripled as a result of simply increasing luminance, when SOA is kept constant. Moreover, increased luminance may compensate for briefer exposure duration and vice versa. The model suggests that prelexical phonological computation is, in most cases, relatively slow, lagging behind orthographic processing. Thus, the grapheme-phoneme-conversion route in the DRC computational model operates only after several cycles of the simulation have taken place, and each letter is made available for the computation process only after a constant number of cycles have elapsed. Given that prelexical computation is serial, the model is structured so that the lexical activation of the final phonemes will usually precede their prelexical activation. This architecture was probably implemented to avoid high rates of regularization on exception words. It poses, however, interesting constraints on the ability of the model to account for lexical access occurring via fast prelexical phonological encoding (see Rastle & Brysbaert, 2006, for a detailed discussion). In contrast, to dual-route models, the strong phonological theory (e.g., Frost, 1995Frost, , 1998 Lukatela & Turvey, 1994a,b;Van Orden, Pennington & Stone, 1990) regards prelexical phonological computation as the initial cognitive operation launched in the reading process, and considers it to be very fast. Thus, findings regarding the speed of phonological computation are expected to provide distinguishing evidence between the two Correspondence should be addressed to Ram Frost,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bloch's Lawmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Tzur

Frost

2007

Journal of Memory and Language

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“…It is worth noting that Frost et al (2003) included a comparison between two prime conditions, in each of which one letter was different from the target: one in which one phoneme was different (one consonant letter was replaced by another letter that represented a different consonant; e.g., KPIZ-KPIT [/kapiz /-/kapit/] ) and another in which two phonemes were different (one consonant letter was replaced by a vowel letter, or vice versa; e.g., KPZT-KPIT; [/kapezet/-/kapit/] ). Frost et al found a substantial priming advantage for the condition in which one phoneme was different, relative to the condition in which two-phonemes were different, in a psychophysical experiment (i.e., few participants and many sessions per participant, with multiple presentations of the target words).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Doesconal prime canal more thancinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task

2005

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The Question of Phonology and Reading

Orden¹,

Kloos²

The Science of Reading: A Handbook

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Picture a 6-year-old puzzling out the printed word island. For this child, the printed form of the word is not entirely familiar and requires effortful decoding. First the child says /i . . . i/, then /iz/, then /land/, then /iz land/, and all of a sudden she gets it right: she correctly reads island aloud. English is notorious for words like island, with spellings that only partly reveal how they are spoken. Nonetheless, the way a word is spelled almost always reveals something of how to say it aloud, something of its phonology. This fact illustrates the alphabetic principle, which has long lead scientists to wonder about the role of phonology in reading. For instance, does a printed word's phonology play a role in deriving meaning from the word?A central question of reading is whether understanding individual written words always depends upon prior access to their phonology: Do mental representations of phonology mediate the comprehension of written words? This question is based on the idea that reading can be taken apart as the links of a chain of mental events. Think again of the 6-year-old child and the word island. Reading island aloud, the effect, seems to depend on an intermediate representation of island's phonology, its cause. Presented with the visual stimulus island, the child's mind first forms a representation of the word's spelling. The spelling representation will be decoded, or puzzled out, to create a representation of phonology. In turn, the mental representation of island 's phonology activates the motor program of its pronunciation, and the child says island aloud.The child portrayed as reading island aloud illustrates the classic view of stimulus AE mediating representations AE response: the idea of a causal chain between the stimulus word island and its pronunciation. It is from this vantage point that the question of phonology and reading is posed. Both the printed word island and island 's pronunciation appear in some sense to be outside the child's head, but she constructs phonology inside her head. Phonology is intermediate, both in the sense of a middle position in time or space and in the sense of a mental causal link between the printed word and its pronunciation (cf.

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Are phonological effects fragile? The effect of luminance and exposure duration on form priming and phonological priming

Cited by 66 publications

References 43 publications

SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

SOA does not reveal the absolute time course of cognitive processing in fast priming experiments☆

Doesconal prime canal more thancinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task

The Question of Phonology and Reading

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