“…From a theoretical perspective, there is no sound reason to assume that economic systems are intrinsically linear (see Barnett and Serletis, 2000). In fact, numerous studies have empirically demonstrated that financial time series, such as exchange rate, exhibit nonlinear dependencies (see Basci and Caner, 2005;Norman and Phillips, 2009;Lee and Chou, 2013). In addition, substantive evidence from the Monte Carlo simulations in Bierens (1997Bierens ( , 2004 has indicated that, inherent to the conventional Johansen cointegration framework, there is a misspecification problem when the true nature of the adjustment process is nonlinear and that the speed of adjustment varies with the magnitude of the disequilibrium.…”