2015
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00263
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Are single odorous components of a predator sufficient to elicit defensive behaviors in prey species?

Abstract: When exposed to the odor of a sympatric predator, prey animals typically display escape or defensive responses. These phenomena have been well-documented, especially in rodents, when exposed to the odor of a cat, ferret, or fox. As a result of these experiments new discussions center on the following questions: (1) is a single volatile compound such as a major or a minor mixture constituent in urine or feces, emitted by the predator sufficient to cause defensive reactions in a potential prey species or (2) is … Show more

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Cited by 78 publications
(59 citation statements)
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“…In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016. In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016. In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Co-evolution of predator and prey species suggests prey evolved a number of sensory and behavioral adaptations in order to recognize and avoid predators. In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016. Indirect effects of predation, for example, decreased reproduction (Yl€ onen and , Sheriff et al 2009, 2015, as well as the interaction of risk and competition, are drawing increasing attention in current literature (e.g., Apfelbach et al 2005, Parsons et al 2017.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Generalist carabids could therefore be considered a trophic species (Sih, Englund & Wooster, 1998) insofar as multiple carabid species may elicit similar behavioural responses in multiple slug species, which may have led to the evolution of general avoidance behaviour observed in each slug species in this study. This general avoidance behaviour may be elicited from some molecule which is shared but modified slightly among related carabid species, analogous to the way in which mammalian prey can exhibit defensive behaviour in response to molecules which are shared among multiple predator species (Apfelbach et al, 2015).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mappes & Ylönen 1997;Fuelling & Halle 2004;Trebatická et al 2012). In contrast, studies dealing with single synthetic odor components out of the big bouquet of natural odors have problems finding the components carrying a biological meaning (Apfelbach et al 2015;Sievert & Laska 2016).…”
Section: Recognition Of Fearmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…How accurately we do not know yet, but, in general, the responses are plausible and enhance prey vole probabilities of surviving over a risky period. Reviews by Lima and Dill (1990), Ylönen (2001) and Apfelbach et al (2005Apfelbach et al ( , 2015 depict how prey animals perceive risk of predation and respond to experimentally increased risk. The normal responses are either freezing or fleeing, staying still or seeking shelter where predators would not be able to enter.…”
Section: Do Voles Respond To Olfactory Weasel Risk Cues and To Live Wmentioning
confidence: 99%