“…Existing studies typically describe the extent and characteristics of beach drowning (Silva-Cavalcanti et al, 2018;Koon et al, 2021;Segura et al, 2022), particularly in relation to strong, offshore flowing rip currents (Castelle et al, 2016), which are considered to be the main hazard for swimmers and bathers on surf beaches (Gensini and Ashley, 2010;Woodward et al, 2013;Brighton et al, 2013;Arozarena et al, 2015;Brewster et al, 2019;Cooney et al, 2020). Other studies have conducted surveys to describe the demographics, beach safety knowledge and behaviour of various types of beachgoers (Ballantyne et al, 2005;Williamson et al, 2012;Clifford et al, 2018;Sotés et al, 2018), often in relation to the presence of lifeguards, beach safety flags, and the rip current hazard (Sherker et al, 2010;Caldwell et al, 2013;Brannstrom et al, 2014;Fallon et al, 2018;Ménard et al, 2018;Locknick and Houser, 2021;Pitman et al, 2021).…”