Are there adverse outcomes for child health and development following caesarean section delivery? Can we justify using elective caesarean section to prevent obstetric pelvic floor damage?

King, Jennifer

doi:10.1007/s00192-021-04781-3

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In this regard, various epidemiological studies have established statistical associations between early alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the subsequent occurrence of particular pathophysiologies (reviewed by Blottière et al, 2013;Tamburini et al, 2016;Milani et al, 2017;Stinson, 2020). It has been documented in particular in the case of birth by CS (Korpela, 2021;Ríos-Covian et al, 2021) and perinatal antibiotic therapies (Azad et al, 2017;Aires, 2021), but these associations should be viewed with caution due to the possibility of biases relating to reverse causalities and the fact that the repercussions of CS are not limited to modulation of the microbiota (King, 2021). Interventional studies on animal models are more convincing in this respect; to date, several studies have demonstrated associations between early microbiotal perturbations and subsequent physiological consequences (e.g., Cox et al, 2014or Pocheron et al, 2021, demonstrating the need to consider early microbiota alterations in the DOHAD process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Programming of Microbiota Composition: A Plausible Idea That Is Not Supported by the Evidence

Michel

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Underpinning the theory “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD), evidence is accumulating to suggest that the risks of adult disease are in part programmed by exposure to environmental factors during the highly plastic “first 1,000 days of life” period. An elucidation of the mechanisms involved in this programming is challenging as it would help developing new strategies to promote adult health. The intestinal microbiome is proposed as a long-lasting memory of the neonatal environment. This proposal is supported by indisputable findings such as the concomitance of microbiota assembly and the first 1,000-day period, the influence of perinatal conditions on microbiota composition, and the impact of microbiota composition on host physiology, and is based on the widely held but unconfirmed view that the microbiota is long-lastingly shaped early in life. In this review, we examine the plausibility of the gut microbiota being programmed by the neonatal environment and evaluate the evidence for its validity. We highlight that the capacity of the pioneer bacteria to control the implantation of subsequent bacteria is supported by both theoretical principles and statistical associations, but remains to be demonstrated experimentally. In addition, our critical review of the literature on the long-term repercussions of selected neonatal modulations of the gut microbiota indicates that sustained programming of the microbiota composition by neonatal events is unlikely. This does not exclude the microbiota having a role in DOHaD due to a possible interaction with tissue and organ development during the critical windows of neonatal life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Programming of Microbiota Composition: A Plausible Idea That Is Not Supported by the Evidence

Michel

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Over recent years, however, the rate of cesarean deliveries (C-sections) has increased considerably in numerous countries (World Health Organization, 2018). It has been due an overuse of the procedure, and not to medical indications (World Health Organization, 2018), such as mothers' wishes to have a planned birth (King, 2021). Many studies have warned of the harmful consequences that this may entail, since, like any other surgery, C-sections are associated with short-and long-term risks that may persist years after the intervention and which may affect the child's health and development (Chojnacki et al, 2019;King, 2021).…”

Section: Delivery Modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been due an overuse of the procedure, and not to medical indications (World Health Organization, 2018), such as mothers' wishes to have a planned birth (King, 2021). Many studies have warned of the harmful consequences that this may entail, since, like any other surgery, C-sections are associated with short-and long-term risks that may persist years after the intervention and which may affect the child's health and development (Chojnacki et al, 2019;King, 2021). Specifically, about the effect of C-sections on motor development, further research is necessary given the literature is limited and does not offer conclusive results.…”

Section: Delivery Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Early Environmental and Biological Influences on Preschool Motor Skills: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education

2021

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Early motor skills underpin the more complex and specialized movements required for physical activity. Therefore, the design of interventions that enhance higher levels of early motor skills may encourage subsequent participation in physical activity. To do so, it is necessary to determine the influence of certain factors (some of which appear very early) on early motor skills. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of some very early environmental variables (delivery mode, feeding type during the first 4 months of life) and some biological variables (sex and age in months) on preschool motor skills, considered both globally and specifically. The sample was composed by 43 preschool students aged 5–6 years. The participant's parents completed an ad hoc questionnaire, reporting on delivery mode, feeding type, sex, and age in months. The children's motor skills were assessed using observational methodology in the school setting, while the children participated in their regular motor skills sessions. A Nomothetic/Punctual/Multidimensional observational design was used. Results revealed that certain preschool motor skills were specifically influenced by delivery mode, feeding type, sex, and age. Children born by vaginal delivery showed higher scores than children born via C-section in throwing (p = 0.000; d = 0.63); total control of objects (p = 0.004; d = 0.97); total gross motor skills (p = 0.005; d = 0.95); and total motor skills (p = 0.002; d = 1.04). Children who were exclusively breastfed outperformed those who were formula-fed in throwing (p = 0.016; d = 0.75); visual-motor integration (p = 0.005; d = 0.94); total control of objects (p = 0.002; d = 1.02); total gross motor skills (p = 0.023; d = 0.82); and total motor skills (p = 0.042; d = 0.74). Boys outperformed girls in throwing (p = 0.041; d = 0.74) and total control of objects (p = 0.024; d = 0.63); while the opposite occurred in static balance (p = 0.000; d = 1.2); visual-motor coordination (p = 0.020; d = 0.79); and total fine motor skills (p = 0.032; d = 0.72). Older children (aged 69–74 months) obtained higher scores than younger ones (aged 63–68 months) in dynamic balance (p = 0.030; d = 0.66); visual-motor integration (p = 0.034; d = 0.63); and total balance (p = 0.013; d = 0.75). Implications for early childhood care and education are discussed since this is a critical period for motor skill development and learning.

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“…Febrile condition, dysfunctional labor, and postpartum complications were all more common in women who had a cesarean section than in women who had a vaginal delivery (5). In terms of newborn growth, autistic spectrum disorders and childhood obesity were more likely in children born by cesarean section than in children born vaginally (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Associations of Musical Activities and Positive Affect With Fear of Childbirth: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Liu

Jin

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundFear of childbirth is a prevalent issue among women, with a wide range of interventions to dispel it. Here we explored a novel and beneficial intervention and one possible influence mechanism of it.MethodsThe cross-sectional study recruited 1,053 pregnant women from one tertiary-grade A class hospital between March to August 2021. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, a self-made musical activities questionnaire, the Positive affect subscale, and the Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire. We parceled the eight musical activities into three items by item parceling methodology. The associations of musical activities and positive affect with fear of childbirth were evaluated by a structural equation modeling approach.ResultsOur analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of musical activities, which was notably correlated with the increase in positive affect (β = 0.309, P < 0.01). On the contrary, positive affect predicted a decrease in fear of childbirth (β = −0.085, P = 0.019). Additionally, positive affect mediated the effect of musical activities on fear of childbirth (β = −0.026, P = 0.030). However, the direct effect of musical activities on fear of childbirth was not found (β = 0.029, P = 0.514).ConclusionsRelying on musical activities alone may not be adequate to alleviate the fear of childbirth, and positive affect played a pivotal role between musical activities and fear of childbirth. The results showed that musical activities would be an effective non-pharmaceutical way to alleviate the fear of childbirth and positive affect can not be ignorant in future childbirth fear reduction programs.

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Are there adverse outcomes for child health and development following caesarean section delivery? Can we justify using elective caesarean section to prevent obstetric pelvic floor damage?

Cited by 7 publications

References 73 publications

Neonatal Programming of Microbiota Composition: A Plausible Idea That Is Not Supported by the Evidence

Neonatal Programming of Microbiota Composition: A Plausible Idea That Is Not Supported by the Evidence

Early Environmental and Biological Influences on Preschool Motor Skills: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education

Associations of Musical Activities and Positive Affect With Fear of Childbirth: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

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