Are Unhealthy Diets Contributing to the Rapid Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in India?

Mohan, Viswanathan; Sudha, Vasudevan; Shobana, Shanmugam; Gayathri, Rajagopal; Krishnaswamy, Kamala

doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.028

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Studies show that prediabetes is frequently undetected due its oftenasymptomatic nature in early stages hence most humans tend to unknowingly bypass the prediabetes stage to overt T2DM [213,214]. In addition, studies show that the increase prediabetes prevalence is due to a rapid urbanization, increasingly sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating habits [215,216]. As a result, a retrospective study in a rapidly urbanising area such as Durban, South Africa indicated that 68% of the individuals are prediabetic in the sample population between the ages of 20-45 years with 51.0 % of the study population being women [217].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Prediabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Preprint

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A growing body of research has identified fetal risk factors associated with adult diseases that form the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. This theory proposes a critical developmental period during which the fetus is highly susceptible to specific environmental influences that significantly impact health from short to long term. Maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy are among these influences, likely leading to fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and suggesting a shared pathway between maternal dysregulated HPA axis and fetal environmental insults. Studies demonstrate that prenatal glucocorticoid exposure alters fetal HPA axis function, affecting brain function, tissue glucocorticoid availability, and fetal growth in utero. These programmed changes, such as altered HPA axis function and reduced fetal growth, contribute to metabolic disorders persisting into adulthood. T2DM is preceded by a prediabetic state, often asymptomatic, which shares similar pathophysiological complications with T2DM, including HPA axis dysregulation observed in animals. Therefore, investigating prediabetes during pregnancy alongside maternal HPA axis function and its effects on fetal outcomes is crucial, as these areas remain understudied. This review aims to synthesize existing literature on pre-existing T2DM during pregnancy, its links to fetal programming via HPA axis changes, and possible links to pregestational prediabetes.

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Section: Prevalence Of Prediabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies show that prediabetes is frequently undetected due to its often-asymptomatic nature in its early stages; hence, most humans tend to unknowingly bypass the prediabetes stage to overt T2DM [ 159 , 171 ]. In addition, studies show that the increase in prediabetes prevalence is due to rapid urbanization, increasingly sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy eating habits [ 172 , 173 ]. As a result, a retrospective study in a rapidly urbanizing area such as Durban, South Africa, indicated that 68% of the individuals are prediabetic in the sample population between the ages of 20–45 years, with 51.0% of the study population being women [ 174 ].…”

Section: Prediabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Ngema,

Xulu,

Ngubane

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Research has identified fetal risk factors for adult diseases, forming the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. DOHaD suggests that maternal insults during pregnancy cause structural and functional changes in fetal organs, increasing the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. It is proposed that altered maternal physiology, such as increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels associated with a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy, exposes the fetus to excess GC. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure reduces fetal growth and programs the fetal HPA axis, permanently altering its activity into adulthood. This programmed HPA axis is linked to increased risks of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders in adulthood. With the global rise in T2DM, particularly among young adults of reproductive age, it is crucial to prevent its onset. T2DM is often preceded by a prediabetic state, a condition that does not show any symptoms, causing many to unknowingly progress to T2DM. Studying prediabetes is essential, as it is a reversible stage that may help prevent T2DM-related pregnancy complications. The existing literature focuses on HPA axis dysregulation in T2DM pregnancies and its link to fetal programming. However, the effects of prediabetes on HPA axis function, specifically glucocorticoid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes, are not well understood. This review consolidates research on T2DM during pregnancy, its impact on fetal programming via the HPA axis, and possible links with pregestational prediabetes.

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“…The high prevalence of DM is attributable to lifestyle factors such as low levels of knowledge and lack of early detection awareness, as well as a westernized diet that is high in protein, fat, sugar, and sodium but low in fiber (Mohan, Sudha, Shobana, Gayathri, & Krishnaswamy, 2023).…”

Section: Impaired Sense Of Comfort Related To Lack Of Situational/env...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caring for Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Nursing Case Report

Era

2023

Injurity

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by an insufficient amount of insulin that does not function normally. According to data of Basic Health Research of Indonesia Government year 2018, the global prevalence of DM among those aged 55 to 64 years reached 6.3% of 265 individuals, the highest value among all other age groups. To present a case study with TTDM in Samarinda, Indonesia and to determine the nursing care plan, explaining the nursing interventions and showing the importance of nursing care of patients with DM. we treated 2 patients who had TTDM using a standardized nursing process for 3 days and made observations and recorded the similarities and differences that emerged as a result of disease response and the effects of the treatment provided. Researcher has completed collecting data set which was then used to establish each of the 6 nursing diagnoses, and further each nursing plan details implemented and evaluated. There is a diversity and resemblance of data that was revealed in the discussion session of ther report. Using a thematic analysis approach, patterns in the data were identified and analyzed. The data were then synthesized using Indonesian Nursing Standardized (3S) terminology. The patient's positive health outcomes supported the accuracy of the diagnoses and the appropriateness of the nursing interventions. case study method contributes in understanding the overall nursing care for patients, especially those with TTDM because it opened up nursing scenarios that support nurses in utilized critical thinking skills including in making decisions in the use of the entire nursing process. By carefully implementing chosen interventions through nursing process nurse was able to compare data between cases, to determine the causes of differences and similarities from the data obtained and analyze based on appropriate theories and concepts.

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Are Unhealthy Diets Contributing to the Rapid Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in India?

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)‐ Associated Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Exploring Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

Caring for Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Nursing Case Report

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