Are women truly “more emotional” than men? Sex differences in an indirect model-based measure of emotional feelings

Givon, Ella; Berkovich, Rotem; Oz-Cohen, Elad; Rubinstein, Kim; Singer-Landau, Ella; Udelsman-Danieli, Gal; Meiran, Nachshon

doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04227-z

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…They realized that females responded highly negatively to negative slides (e.g., dismembered bodies, physical attacks and distress or dead animals), a gender difference which was consistent in size from ages 20-81. Givon et al (2023) also discovered in a similar study that women responded with greater sadness to sad films than did men, and women reacted with more fear-disgust to fearfully-disgusting films than men did. In contrast, men reacted with greater happiness to happy films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Social Spousal Abuse and Emotional Homeostatic Disequilibrium (EHD) Amid Married Secondary Schools Teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria

2023

FeD

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This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between social spousal abuse and emotional homeostatic disequilibrium (EHD) among married secondary school teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria. The goals of the study were to enlighten the reader about the EHD phenomenon, to find out the relationship between social spousal abuse and EHD as well as to seek for ways to curb it in marriages. The investigation adopted the ex post facto correlation design and also considered the possible moderating influence of gender on the relationship between social spousal abuse and EHD among the subjects of the study. The population comprised all married teachers in secondary schools across Rivers State of Nigeria, about 8,499 out of which 766 (11%) were selected through stratified random sampling technique for the study. Two instruments namely, the Social Spousal Abuse Scale (SSAS) with five items and Emotional Homeostatic Disequilibrium Scale (EHDS) with 15 items were developed by the researcher for collection of data on social spousal abuse behaviours and EHD indicators. Reliability coefficients of α =.68 and α =.99 for SSAS and EHDS respectively were achieved through Cronbach Alpha. The study was guided by two each of research questions and null hypotheses. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the null hypotheses were tested with correlation and regression statistics at 0.05 significance level. The statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for data analysis. The results showed that social spousal abuse was significantly related to EHD and that gender was not found to significantly moderate the relationship of social spousal abuse with EHD among subjects of the study. Implications of the study were highlighted among which is that persons in the helping professions should work jointly in order to eliminate EHD in marriages among married secondary school teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria. Suggestions for further studies were equally made. One of them was that this particular study should be replicated on the same population or another with a larger sample size for greater generalisation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Social Spousal Abuse and Emotional Homeostatic Disequilibrium (EHD) Amid Married Secondary Schools Teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria

2023

FeD

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“…Females and males use different ways to cope with strain and manage emotions (Nolen-Hoeksema & Aldao, 2011). Females generate negative emotions more e ciently and are more sensitive in perception of negative emotions (Givon et al, 2023). Moreover, males are better at emotional regulation than females (Anderson et al, 2016).…”

Section: The Moderating Role Of Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does bullying victimization accelerate adolescents’ non-suicidal self-injury? The mediating role of negation emotions and the moderating role of submissive behavior

Gao,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Based on general strain theory, the current study examined whether bullying victimization was significantly related to adolescents’ non-suicidal self-injury and whether negation emotions mediated this association and submissive behavior moderated this mediation process. A total of 1984 adolescents completed a series of anonymous questionaries regarding bullying victimization, negative emotions, non-suicidal self-injury, and submissive behavior. Results showed that bullying victimization was significantly and positively associated with non-suicidal self-injury and this relation was partially mediated by negative emotions. Submissive behavior moderated the relation between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury as well as negation emotions and non-suicidal self-injury. Specifically, the victims of bullying with high submissive behavior were more likely to develop non-suicidal self-injury. Adolescents who had higher negative emotions were at greater risk of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury when they also had high submissive behavior. The positive association between negative emotions and non-suicidal self-injury was stronger in females than males.

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“…However, in the article "Are women truly 'more emotional' than men? Sex differences in an indirect model-based measure of emotional feelings", it is stated that there was no sex difference in the bias to report negative emotions and positive emotions, but at the same time women generated negative emotions more efficiently than men across nine different experiments conducted [4]. In our case, the results show that Mulan's indexes in both movies were higher compared to Ping and Hua Jung, but the numbers were within the norm: 1.69 (1998) and 1.08 (2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

“Mulan”: Twenty Years Apart (Comparison of the Main Character’s Language in the 1998 Animated Movie and the 2020 Live-Action Adaptation)

Lozovska

2023

International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology

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This article explores speech patterns of male and female characters in multimedia texts. Our study focuses on the protagonist's speech in the animated movie "Mulan" released in 1998 and the live-action movie of the same name released in 2020. Both movies tell us the story of Mulan, a young woman who challenges the traditional gender roles of her time. She possesses impressive sword-fighting abilities and resists the pressure to get married. To save her injured father from fighting in war and risking his life, Mulan disguises herself as a man named Ping (1998) / Hua Jung (2020) and joins the army to protect the Emperor. We used LIWC-22 (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) to identify changes in different categories defined in the program. Only the categories that underwent significant changes are shown in the article. The results were largely consistent with our expectations, but still, some discrepancies were found in both movies which need further investigation. For example, both male characters showed higher indexes of using social words, despite being widely believed that women tend to be more socially oriented in their speech than men. The same goes for the category that shows the usage of polite words, where an increased index was only seen in 1998 characters' speeches. Category "Emotions" was the most controversial, since there is no common opinion on whether men or women are more emotional in their speech. If we consider the category overall, female characters appeared to be more emotional than males, though Mulan's indexes in both cases fall within the norm. But at the same time, if we delve into reviewing the expression of different emotions separately, we can see that Hua Jung's indexes in many cases go beyond the mean, while Ping's indexes are equal to 0. The variations in speech patterns among the characters in both animated and live-action movies might be explained by various factors. One possible reason is that Mulan, who was pretending to be a man, could not fully change the way she speaks. Additionally, the differences in the way characters speak in both movies may be due to the change of gender roles in society, which also impacts the stereotypes associated with speech patterns.

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Are women truly “more emotional” than men? Sex differences in an indirect model-based measure of emotional feelings

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Social Spousal Abuse and Emotional Homeostatic Disequilibrium (EHD) Amid Married Secondary Schools Teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria

Social Spousal Abuse and Emotional Homeostatic Disequilibrium (EHD) Amid Married Secondary Schools Teachers in Rivers State of Nigeria

Does bullying victimization accelerate adolescents’ non-suicidal self-injury? The mediating role of negation emotions and the moderating role of submissive behavior

“Mulan”: Twenty Years Apart (Comparison of the Main Character’s Language in the 1998 Animated Movie and the 2020 Live-Action Adaptation)

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