Area Optimisation of Two Stage Miller Compensated Op-Amp in 65 nm Using Hybrid PSO

Abstract

Analog circuit design can be formulated as a nonlinear constrained optimisation problem that can be solved using any suitable optimisation algorithms. Different optimisation techniques have been reported to reduce the design time of analog circuits. A hybrid particle swarm optimisation algorithm with linearly decreasing inertia weight for the optimisation of analog circuit design is proposed in this study. The proposed method is used to design a two-stage operational amplifier circuit with Miller compensation. The results show that the proposed optimisation method can substantially reduce the design time needed for analog circuits.

Novel Methods for Improved Particle Swarm Optimization in Designing the Bandgap Reference Circuit

“…Reference [22] presents a method for gradually reducing the inertia weight parameter from ω max to ω min , as illustrated in Equation (21). In this paper, we refer to this method as the PSO-linear decreasing (PSO-LD) method.…”

“…In [33], the concept of exponential adaptive crossover rate (CR) is introduced to improve the convergence of the differential evolution algorithm. The adaptive crossover rate is mathematically defined in (22):…”

“…However, within the field of analog IC design optimization, there is a notable absence of investigations related to PSO's inertia weight reduction. The authors in [22] and [28] have exclusively introduced the linear decremental inertia weight PSO method for area minimization in two-stage operational amplifiers, but these studies lack comparisons with the conventional PSO approach. To address the limited utilization of the PSO inertial weight reduction method in the field of analog IC design, in this paper, we introduce two innovative exponential inertia weight reduction techniques, denoted as PSO -local exploitation orienter (PSO-LEO) and PSO -global exploration orienter (PSO-GEO).…”