Arenesulfonic Acid-Functionalized Bentonite as Catalyst in Glycerol Esterification with Acetic Acid

Tangestanifard, Maryam; Ghaziaskar, Hassan S.

doi:10.3390/catal7070211

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A large number of value-added chemicals such as propanediols [39], acrolein [40], dihydroxyacetone [41], glyceric acid [42], hydrogen [43], synthesis gas [44], esters [45,46], etc., can be produced from glycerol using oxidation, reduction and other catalytic reactions (Scheme 1). Oxidation of primary, secondary, and all three groups yields different molecules of C 3 acids, aldehydes, and ketones [47,48].…”

Section: Glycerol Production Consumption and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetalization Catalysts for Synthesis of Valuable Oxygenated Fuel Additives from Glycerol

2018

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Biodiesel is one of the most attractive sources of clean energy. It is produced by the transformation of vegetable oils with up to 10% formation of glycerol as a by-product. Therefore, development of new approaches for processing bio-glycerol into such value-added chemical compounds as solketals is necessary. Thus, various six- and five-membered cyclic compounds can be prepared by acetalization of glycerol with aldehyde or ketone. The resulting glycerol oxygenates are excellent fuel additives that increase viscosity, octane or cetane number, and stability to oxidation. In addition, these products significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions from standard diesel fuel. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the glycerol valorization for the sustainable production of bio-additives. The review includes a discussion of the innovative and potential catalysts to produce solketals.

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Section: Glycerol Production Consumption and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetalization Catalysts for Synthesis of Valuable Oxygenated Fuel Additives from Glycerol

2018

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“…The number of acid sites was measured by neutralization with the back-titration method [27]. In this procedure, 100 mg of the samples was mixed with a solution of NaOH 0.05 M and stirred at 600 rpm for 4 h. After that, the mixture was filtered, and the resultant solution was titrated with 0.05 M HCl.…”

Section: Characterization Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although activated bentonites have already been used as acid catalysts in a wide variety of reactions, such as esterification [27], cracking [28], hydrolysis [29], and pyrolysis [30], these materials form colloidal suspensions in water or in aqueous solutions, which makes their separation and recovery difficult and prevents their implementation on an industrial scale. This work proposes obtaining a catalyst based on a composite containing natural bentonite with all its properties within a silica-resin structure, thus allowing its application not only at a laboratory scale, due to the possibility of separating and reusing the catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated Bentonite Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol in the Liquid Phase

et al. 2022

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Activated bentonites are low-cost acid catalysts used in several reactions. However, their application at an industrial scale is affected by the formation of colloidal suspensions when these bentonites are in aqueous solutions. In order to overcome these limitations, this work proposes obtaining a catalyst based on a composite containing natural bentonite within a silica–resin structure, which allows separating and re-utilizing the catalyst more easily and without centrifugal filtration requirements. By means of characterization techniques, the present study determined that the activated bentonite composite presented a total specific surface area of ~360 m2 g−1, ~4 mmol of acid sites per gram of bentonite, and sites with strong acid strength, all of which bestowed activity and selectivity in the solketal synthesis reaction from glycerol and acetone, reaching equilibrium conversion within a short reaction time. Furthermore, the present work developed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetic model, achieving an activation energy of 50.3 ± 3.6 kJ mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor of 6.4 × 106 mol g−1 L−1 s−1, which are necessary for reactor design.

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“…These advantages eliminate the need for a neutralization step and reduce the formation of waste. Recently, some of the most notable heterogeneous catalytic systems for this type of esterification involve the use of ion exchange resins [6], functionalized clays [7], sulfated metal oxides [8], metal-organic frameworks [9], zeolites [10], hydrotalcites [11], and supported heteropolyacids (HPAs) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface Modifications of SBA-15 with Aminosilanes and 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid on Catalytic Properties in Environmentally Friendly Esterification of Glycerol with Oleic Acid to Produce Monoolein

et al. 2018

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A series of protonated amino-functionalized SBA-15 materials was synthesized and tested as heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with oleic acid to produce monoolein. Mesoporous SBA-15 (S) was functionalized with three different aminosilanes: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (N 1 ); [3-(2-amino-ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane] (N 2 ); and (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (N 3 ), before being impregnated with 40 wt % 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW). The resulting nanocatalysts (S-N x -HPW) were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N 2 adsorption-desorption, SEM equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and elemental analysis techniques. The presence of components of the nanocatalysts and the preservation of the hexagonal structure of SBA-15 were confirmed. Using different functionalizing agents considerably affected the textural properties and acidity of the synthesized nanocatalysts, which helped to improve the catalytic performance. In particular, S-N 2 -HPW was more active and selective than other catalysts in this study, as well as than a number of other commercial acid catalysts, with 95.0% oleic acid conversion and 60.9% monoolein selectivity being obtained after five h of reaction at 160 • C using 2.5 wt % of catalyst loading and glycerol/oleic acid molar ratio of 4:1. Aminosilane functionalization also helped to increase the reusability of the catalysts to at least six cycles without considerable loss of activity through strong electrostatic interactions between HPW anions and the protonated amino-functionalized SBA-15 materials.

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Arenesulfonic Acid-Functionalized Bentonite as Catalyst in Glycerol Esterification with Acetic Acid

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Acetalization Catalysts for Synthesis of Valuable Oxygenated Fuel Additives from Glycerol

Acetalization Catalysts for Synthesis of Valuable Oxygenated Fuel Additives from Glycerol

Activated Bentonite Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol in the Liquid Phase

Effect of Surface Modifications of SBA-15 with Aminosilanes and 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid on Catalytic Properties in Environmentally Friendly Esterification of Glycerol with Oleic Acid to Produce Monoolein

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