“…Risk calculation and prediction were reported in the literature based on statistical techniques (Micán et al, 2022;Ponsard et al, 2019) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) models (Neumeier et al, 2018;Zhang, 2020). Moreover, neuro-fuzzy models, hybridising ANN and FIS, were also proposed to handle different problems such as the insurance business risk estimation (Hessami, 2018), the overseas construction projects decision prediction (Utama et al, 2019), and stock market segment shocks detection and prediction (Yousofi Tezerjan et al, 2021). However, the latter models were not used to compute the OPR.…”