Arginolipid: A membrane‐active antifungal agent and its synergistic potential to combat drug resistance in clinical Candida isolates

Abstract

Antifungal drug resistance exhibits a major clinical challenge for treating nosocomial fungal infections. To find a possible solution, we synthesized and studied the antifungal activities of three different arginolipids (Nα‐acyl‐arginine ethyl ester) against clinical drug‐resistant isolates of Candida. The most active arginolipid, oleoyl arginine ethyl ester (OAEE) consisting of a long unsaturated hydrophobic chain, was tested for its mode of action, which revealed that it altered ergosterol biosynthesis and compromised the fungal cell membrane. Also, OAEE was found to exhibit synergistic interactions with fluconazole (FLU) or amphotericin B (AmB) against planktonic Candida cells, wherein it reduced the inhibitory concentrations of these drugs to their in vitro susceptible range. Studies conducted against the C. tropicalis biofilm revealed that the OAEE+AmB combination synergistically reduced the metabolic activity and hyphal density in biofilms, whereas OAEE+FLU was found to be additive against most cases. Finally, the evaluated selective toxicity of OAEE toward fungal cells over mammalian cells could establish it as an alternative treatment for combating drug‐resistant Candida infections.

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“…It was observed that OAEE alone depolarizes and damages plasma membrane, which in turn may favor the antifungal activity of fluconazole and AMB. Moreover, complexation between OAEE and AMB may fluidize plasma membrane, enhancing AMB antifungal activity (Patil et al 2020).…”

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“…In fact, PI is a DNA-staining dye which upon binding to double stranded nucleic acid gives a red fluorescence when excited by a 480 nm laser [31]. This membrane-impermeant dye is generally excluded from viable cells, unless their membrane integrity is compromised [32].…”

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