This volume is the result of a three-year collaboration (funded by the American Council of Learned Societies and the British Academy) between scholars of early China and of ancient Greece to investigate the emergent discourses of emotions in philosophy, medicine, and literature from around the fifth century bce to the second century ce. It brings together scholars working on the history and philosophy of emotions in the two ancient traditions, and with different areas of expertise, to investigate the emotions and their conceptualization at a crucial period in the cultural and intellectual development of both cultures. The volume seeks to contribute to scholarship on emotions in both fields and to foster a greater methodological self-awareness about the category of emotions and the kinds of commitments it entails. It aims to explore how the tools of cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary investigation may be deployed to advance our understanding of the emotions in the two ancient societies and to use that understanding as a contribution to current research on the emotions more generally.