Arm–leg coordination during the underwater pull-out sequence in the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke start

Olstad, Bjørn Harald; Gonjo, Tomohiro; Conceição, Ana; Šťastný, Jan; Seifert, Ludovic

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.006

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Our second hypothesis is accepted as when swimmers were combined, this study did not find any significant difference in start or turn performance in relation to the technique used and effect sizes were reported as moderate-small. This is in agreement with McCabe et al ( 2012 ), Seifert et al ( 2021 ), and Olstad et al ( 2021 ) and who all reported similar underwater performance outcomes could be achieved irrespective of the technique used and that the selected technique may be due to individual preference. When examining genders independently, this study found that female swimmers competing in the 100 m event, were 0.24 s or 2% faster using the Pull-Down First compared to the Combined technique.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The purpose of this study was to (1) ascertain the breaststroke pullout technique trends, as determined by the location of the fly-kick placement, across a range of international competitions, and (2) to assess the effectiveness of these pullout techniques as utilized by elite male and female swimmers across all competitive breaststroke events. It is hypothesized that a range of pullout techniques will be observed across swimmers and based on the findings of previous experimental studies (McCabe et al, 2012 ; Olstad et al, 2021 ; Seifert et al, 2021 ), there will be no significant difference in terms of performance across all breaststroke pullout techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

McCabe¹,

Mosscrop²,

Hodierne³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the rule change permitting the inclusion of one dolphin kick during the underwater breaststroke pullout phase following a swim start or turn, there has been an emergence of several different pullout techniques adopted by elite swimmers. The aim of this study was to characterize the underwater breaststroke pullout technique trends and to assess the effectiveness of each technique as utilized by elite male and female swimmers. The sample included 60 swimmers (n = 26 male, n = 34 female) competing across the 50, 100, and 200 m long-course breaststroke final races from the World Championships 2015, 2017, 2019 and Olympic Games 2016. An above-water camera was used to identify and measure the different phases of the underwater pullout techniques, which was found to be a highly accurate methodological approach (ICC = 0.97). From the 150 trials analyzed, three different pullout techniques were identified: the Fly-Kick First technique, the Combined technique and the Pull-Down First technique. Although the most common underwater pullout technique utilized by elite competitive breaststroke swimmers was the Combined technique (n = 71), followed by the Fly-Kick First technique (n = 65) and the Pull-Down First technique (n = 14), it was observed that technical selection deviates according to gender. This indicates that male and female swimmers should not be coached adhering to the same technical model. This study found no significant difference in terms of performance outcome with respect to each of these techniques, indicating that technique selection should be guided by one's individual preference. It was concluded that the results of this study will serve as an up-to-date resource for coaches and swimmers working with elite breaststroke swimmers and as a useful insight to current underwater pullout trends.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

McCabe¹,

Mosscrop²,

Hodierne³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Korelační analýza však odhalila silný vztah mezi sub-fázemi prvního i druhého splývání (sub-fáze 1 a sub-fáze 3) a celkovým časem fáze pod hladinou v závodě. Samotné splývání tak v disciplíně 50 m prsa představuje, zejména po startu, nejdůležitější část z celkového času stráveného pod hladinou, stejně jako v případě ostatních prsařských disciplín (Olstad et al, 2022). Plnohodnotné využití potenciálu splývavé "streamline" pozice je tedy pro zvýšení efektivity pohybového cyklu pod hladinou zásadní (Hagedorn, 2013;Mullen, 2018).…”

Section: Diskuzeunclassified

Effect of pull-out technique on acyclic phases in elite male 50 m breaststroke swimmers

Březina¹,

Polach²,

Michalica³

et al. 2022

Telesna kultura

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Východiska: Současná pravidla plavání umožňují v rámci prsařských disciplín provedení dvou odlišných způsobů pohybového cyklu pod hladinou. TYP 1 provádí delfínový kop současně se záběrem pažemi ke stehnům, TYP 2 provádí delfínový kop před záběrem pažemi ke stehnům. Cíle: Cílem studie bylo posoudit dva typy pohybového cyklu pod hladinou s ohledem na dosažený čas v úseku 15 m po startu a po obrátce. Posouzen byl také vztah jeho dílčích sub-fází a dosaženého času během fáze pod hladinou po startu a po obrátce. Metodika: Pro účely studie byly analyzovány videozáznamy účastníků (n = 59; věk 23,6 ± 6,9; FINA body 822 ± 95) Mistrovství Evropy v Glasgow 2019 a v Kazani 2021 na 25m bazénu. Výsledky: Dosažený čas v úseku 15 m po startu a po obrátce se významně nelišil, oba typy pohybového cyklu pod hladinou se tedy jeví jako stejně účinné. Sub-fáze 1 a Sub-fáze 3 silně korelovaly s časem fáze pod hladinou po startu u pohybového cyklu pod hladinou TYP 1 (r ≥ 0,81; r ≥ 0,63). Významně se lišila pouze sub-fáze 1 po startu (p = 0,027). Závěry: TYP 2 splývá po startu v rámci sub-fáze 1 významně kratší dobu než TYP 1 a zahajuje delfínový kop v příliš vysoké rychlosti, což negativně ovlivňuje další průběh pohybového cyklu pod hladinou. V případě optimálního načasování delfínového kopu výsledky naznačují větší potenciál pro TYP 2 po startu.

show abstract

“…Another recent study [ 18 ] investigated the duration of arm-leg coordination during the start phase in 50 m, 100 m and 200 m breaststroke to assess the effect of the different race distances. They observed no difference in arm-leg coordination between the events but found slower speed and longer absolute duration and distance during the total glide phase (mainly composed of the initial glide with the streamlined position and the glide with the arms at the side during the arm pull-out) in longer race events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra- and inter-individual variability in the underwater pull-out technique in 200 m breaststroke turns

et al. 2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the intra- and inter-individual variability in arm-leg coordination during the underwater phase of the turn segment in 200 m breaststroke. Thirteen male swimmers were recruited and performed a 200 m breaststroke in a pre-calibrated 25 m pool. Sub-phases during the underwater segment were obtained using a notational analysis, and the mean velocity, displacement and duration during each sub-phase were obtained. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed using the analysed variables in all phases to identify inter-individual variability and random intra-individual variability. In addition, a linear mixed model (LMM: lap as a fixed effect and the participant as a random effect) was conducted to investigate systematic intra-individual variability. HCA identified three coordination patterns that were distinguished by the timing of the dolphin kick relative to the arm pull-out and the duration of the glide with arms at the side. All swimmers except one performed the arm pull-out after the dolphin kick. Nine swimmers maintained one coordination pattern, but other swimmers switched their coordination during the trial, particularly by shortening the duration of the glide with arms at the side. LMM showed a linear decrease (from the first to the last turn) in the time gap between the end of the dolphin kick and the start of the arm pull-out (a glide with the streamlined body position; F = 9.64, p = 0.034) and the glide duration with the arms at the side (F = 11.66, p = 0.015). In conclusion, both inter- and intra-individual variabilities during the underwater phase were evident in 200 m breaststroke turns, which were categorised into three patterns based on the timing of the dolphin kick and the duration of glides.

show abstract

Arm–leg coordination during the underwater pull-out sequence in the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke start

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

Effect of pull-out technique on acyclic phases in elite male 50 m breaststroke swimmers

Intra- and inter-individual variability in the underwater pull-out technique in 200 m breaststroke turns

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Arm–leg coordination during the underwater pull-out sequence in the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke start

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

Effect of pull-out technique on acyclic phases in elite male 50 m breaststroke swimmers

Intra- and inter-individual variability in the underwater pull-out technique in 200 m breaststroke turns

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Arm–leg coordination during the underwater pull-out sequence in the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke start