Arm's length and captive transactions: Patent-based view of control in internationalization

Foreign patents surge and technology spillovers in China (1985–2009): Evidence from the patent and trade markets

“…Influenced by these studies to a large extent, some new trends have appeared in the researches on the foreign patent surge in China. For example, Yang(2012)explained that the imitation and innovation threats from local domestic enterprises is an important reason for foreign patenting in China. Keupp et al (2010) argued that the driving forces of foreign patent applications in China are not only from industry level, but also from firm level.…”

The effect of patent enforcement strength and FDI on economic growth

“…MNEs prefer stronger levels of patent law protection and, importantly, strong patent enforcement in the host countries, in order to prevent inappropriate leakage of knowledge to a related or unrelated firm (Branstetter et al, 2006;Zhao, 2006). Typically, knowledge leakage internally or via unrelated concerns (Clegg and Cross, 2000;Yang, 2012). This threat is implicit in the internalisation theory of Buckley and Casson (1976).…”

“…This paper explores the effect of patent enforcement strength on the economic growth of Partnership (TTIP) and the India-European Union free trade agreement (Europa.eu, 2013a). 2 These treaties propose the adoption of a) stronger patent legislation that extends the minimum standards of patent legal protection set by the TRIPS agreement in 1994 and, importantly, b) the introduction of patent and other intellectual property (IP) enforcement-related provisions and obligations for signatory countries that are not covered by TRIPS (Fergusson and Vaughn, 2010 enforcement systems which are expected to allow local and foreign businesses (which own such intangible assets) to confidently innovate, invest and commercialize their product offerings so that they can fully appropriate their investments in innovation (Yang, 2008(Yang, , 2012Yang and Sonmez, 2013). Policy-makers expect that such business environments will attract higher levels of inward FDI and boost international business activity and economic growth overall (Europa.eu, 2013b;UNCTAD, 2013;USTR, 2013).…”

EU versus MERCOSUR: estudio comparado de externalidades ambientales en cultivos transgénicos. Indicadores para Uruguay = EU versus MERCOSUR: comparative study of environmental externalities in transgenic crops. Indicators for Uruguay

“…It should also be noted that foreign applicants focus on agricultural biotechnology and plant protection, which are the most profitable of the agricultural sector. The average value of invention patents filed by foreign companies is 18 times greater than the value of patents for Chinese companies (Yang, 2012). Although China is the leading exporter of glyphosate, the country receives no royalties because the patent for this product expired in 2000.…”

“…Estos cargos de "bienes intangibles" no son incluidos en el PIB, al no considerarse que los bienes físicos puedan tener conocimiento incorporado. Dichos derechos no son sólo una prerrogativa legal, sino que otorgan ventajas comparativas y competitivas a sus dueños (Dautrey, 2012;Yang, 2012). Así por ejemplo, según Piekkola (2011), estudios recientes de National Intangibles Database-2011 indican que el PIB de países de la UE se incrementaría en 5,5% de incluirse estos intangibles.…”