“…While "the concept of deterrence has been somewhat neglected in the nearly two decades since the end of the Cold War, particularly after the attacks of September 11, 2001" (Long, 2008, United States and European pundits and governmental officers now consider conventional deterrence as one of the main features of the 21st century's international security landscape (Wilner & Wenger, 2021;Paul 2009;Wilkinson, 2020;Tripp, 2020). Actually, they were shaken by Russia's successful military operations in Georgia, Crimea, and Ukraine, as well as the perception that Iran and China could also accomplish successful lightning acts of aggression (Gallagher, 2019;Gordon et al 2020;Freedman, 2014;Aust, 2018). Grudgingly, theyacknowledge that the technological superiority of Western armed forces are not enough to provide a credible and committed deterrent capacity because that advantage is shrinking and their rivals never deviated from their mission of improving the employment of their conventional forces as the "lender of last resource" of coercion (Gormley, 2008;Ochmanek, 2014;Ajili & Rouhi, 2019;Rogovoy & Giles, 2015).…”