Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment. Part III: personal monitoring

Ilgen, Elke; Levsen, K.; Angerer, Jürgen; Schneider, P.; Heinrich, Joachim; Wichmann, Heinz Erich

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00389-7

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This is a reasonable assumption considering the relatively reduced indoor/outdoor air exchange rate in the winter compared to the summer in southeastern Europe. This finding is in agreement with other studies relating ETS presence and indoor benzene concentrations [22,32,45].…”

Section: Passive Sampling Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

Karakitsios

Kassomenos

Sarigiannis

et al. 2009

Environ Model Assess

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The objective of the present study is the exploitation of active sampling personal exposure data in assessing the factors that affect exposure to benzene in combination with the widely accepted scheme of passive sampling-time microenvironment-activity diaries (TMAD). The campaign included personal exposure measurements with both passive and active sampling in several microenvironments, evaluation of TMAD kept by the volunteers, and a variety of environmental data (ambient air benzene determination, traffic and meteorological observations). Due to the relatively elevated benzene traffic emissions, average personal exposure was determined to be equal to 8.9 μg/m 3 , ranging between 5 and 20 μg/m 3 , which is a value highly related to the average urban concentration (9.2 μg/m 3 ). The information gained from TMAD was embedded (in terms of spatial and temporal distribution) into three zones respectively, in order to draw statistically significant conclusions about the exposure levels and the activity patterns. The contribution of the activities to the overall amount of exposure was further quantified and refined by active sampling measurements. These data revealed that driving in a traffic-congested road was the main activity leading to elevated exposure levels (up to 70 μg/m 3 ), followed by walking on the roadside of a congested road (up to 35 μg/m 3 ). Indoor exposure to benzene was in general lower than outdoor (indicating that traffic is the dominant source of benzene emissions in the wider area), and it was significantly affected by the presence of environmental tobacco smoke. The higher significance of the regression coefficients obtained by statistical analysis of the active sampling data was fundamental for the development of a regression-based prediction exposure model. The model was evaluated through comparison with the passive sampling data, which were considered as an unknown but realistic data exposure pattern. The model performed very well in terms of expressing the variance of the exposure data with an average score of R 2 equal to 0.935. All of the above indicate that active sampling is a necessary albeit more laborious tool that needs to be used as a complement to passive sampling for precise quantification of the factors determining personal exposure patterns.

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Section: Passive Sampling Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

Karakitsios

Kassomenos

Sarigiannis

et al. 2009

Environ Model Assess

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show abstract

“…Within the current study, a value of 11 times the average urban outdoor benzene concentration is estimated to be representative of typical exposure while driving (IEH 1999). Using the average AIRMEX outdoor concentrations at work as a best proxy for the average urban outdoor concentration, this translates into an assumed typical in-vehicle benzene concentration of 29.7 μg/m 3 and is, therefore, very close to the urban European in-vehicle benzene concentration measured in the city of Hannover, Germany (Ilgen et al 2001c). The calculated concentration is used in this paper to model the in-transit microenvironment contribution from commuting by car or public transportation means to the total daily benzene inhalation exposure.…”

Section: In-transit Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Bruin

Koistinen

Stylianos

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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To reduce exposures and consequent health effects, adequate measures must be taken to diminish emissions from sources such as materials and products that especially emit benzene and formaldehyde in indoor air. In parallel, measures can be taken aiming at reducing the outdoor pollution contribution indoors. Besides emission reduction, mechanisms to effectively monitor and manage the indoor air quality should be established. These mechanisms could be developed by setting up appropriate EU indoor air guidelines.

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“…Monitoring these compounds in the indoor and outdoor air of city streets and in rural areas, using charcoal diffusion samplers and Tenax tubes for sampling, has been reported by Ilgen et al (2001a, b). This environmental monitoring has been complemented by human biomonitoring (i.e., the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and exhaled air; Ilgen et al 2001c). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring BTEX and Aldehydes in Car Exhaust from a Gasoline Engine During the Use of Different Chemical Cleaners by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography

Niri

Mathers

Musteata

et al. 2009

Water Air Soil Pollut

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All commercial gasoline fuels build up deposits on the spark plugs, injectors, oxygen sensors, catalytic converter, and inside the combustion chamber, which will lower the engine's performance and increase air pollution. As a result, fuel-based detergents have been developed to prevent and remove unwanted deposits. Unfortunately, many of the detergents use high amounts of aromatic solvents, which result in a greater risk of exposure to aromatic compounds like benzene. In this study, car exhaust was analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), as well as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde during engine cleaning service using different chemical cleaners. A special device was designed for sampling from car exhaust using solid phase microextraction. The extracted compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector. The cleaning products were rated with regard to the amount of pollutants produced during the cleaning service.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment. Part III: personal monitoring

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

Exposure Modeling of Benzene Exploiting Passive–Active Sampling Data

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Monitoring BTEX and Aldehydes in Car Exhaust from a Gasoline Engine During the Use of Different Chemical Cleaners by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography

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