Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment – Part II: univariate and multivariate analysis and case studies of indoor concentrations

Ilgen, Elke; Levsen, K.; Angerer, Jürgen; Schneider, P.; Heinrich, Joachim; Wichmann, Heinz Erich

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00490-8

Cited by 50 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…min vs. max mean and standard deviation of 1.0±0.2 vs. 21.3±25.1 μg/m 3 in Helsinki vs. Thessaloniki, respectively. In Hannover (Germany), average inhalation exposures were reported to be 4.3 μg/m 3 during a 14-day period (Ilgen et al 2001b), whilst respective residential indoor air concentrations were 3.5 μg/m 3 (Ilgen et al 2001a). Compared to AIRMEX, EXPOLIS reported slightly higher mean city benzene inhalation exposures ranging from 3.4 to 17.8 μg/m 3 in Helsinki and Athens, respectively (Jantunen et al 1999).…”

Section: Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Bruin

Koistinen

Stylianos

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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To reduce exposures and consequent health effects, adequate measures must be taken to diminish emissions from sources such as materials and products that especially emit benzene and formaldehyde in indoor air. In parallel, measures can be taken aiming at reducing the outdoor pollution contribution indoors. Besides emission reduction, mechanisms to effectively monitor and manage the indoor air quality should be established. These mechanisms could be developed by setting up appropriate EU indoor air guidelines.

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Section: Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Bruin

Koistinen

Stylianos

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Many other studies have measured indoor and outdoor concentrations of one or more of the pollutants included in the current study (e.g., Thomas et al, 1993;Brown and Crump, 1995;Baek et al, 1997;Crump et al, 1997;Clayton et al, 1999;Edwards et al, 2001;Ilgen et al, 2001;Lee et al, 2002). EPA's OAQPS is currently surveying these and other studies with the goal of developing distributions for pollutant-specific ''penetration factors'' that can be used in enhanced versions of the Hazardous Air Pollution Exposure Model (HAPEM).…”

Section: Indoor Pollutant Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence

Johnson¹,

Myers

Kelly

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A pilot study was conducted using an occupied, single-family test house in Columbus, OH, to determine whether a script-based protocol could be used to obtain data useful in identifying the key factors affecting air-exchange rate (AER) and the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected traffic-related air pollutants. The test script called for hourly changes to elements of the test house considered likely to influence air flow and AER, including the position (open or closed) of each window and door and the operation (on/off) of the furnace, air conditioner, and ceiling fans. The script was implemented over a 3-day period (January 30-February 1, 2002) during which technicians collected hourly-average data for AER, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations for six pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde (HCHO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen oxides (NO x )), and selected meteorological variables. Consistent with expectations, AER tended to increase with the number of open exterior windows and doors. The 39 AER values measured during the study when all exterior doors and windows were closed varied from 0.36 to 2.29 h À1 with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.77 h À1 and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.435. The 27 AER values measured when at least one exterior door or window was opened varied from 0.50 to 15.8 h À1 with a GM of 1.98 h À1 and a GSD of 1.902. AER was also affected by temperature and wind speed, most noticeably when exterior windows and doors were closed. Results of a series of stepwise linear regression analyses suggest that (1) outdoor pollutant concentration and (2) indoor pollutant concentration during the preceding hour were the ''variables of choice'' for predicting indoor pollutant concentration in the test house under the conditions of this study. Depending on the pollutant and ventilation conditions, one or more of the following variables produced a small, but significant increase in the explained variance (R 2 -value) of the regression equations: AER, number and location of apertures, wind speed, air-conditioning operation, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and relative humidity. The indoor concentrations of CO, PAH, NO, and NO x were highly correlated with the corresponding outdoor concentrations. The indoor benzene concentrations showed only moderate correlation with outdoor benzene levels, possibly due to a weak indoor source. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations always exceeded outdoor levels, and the correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations was not statistically significant, indicating the presence of a strong indoor source.

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“…To solve the problem, the vial was replaced with one equipped with a 2 ml septum and the volume of ultrapure water used for dilution of samples was altered to 400 µl. The recovery rates of d 8 -toluene in this case were 60 ± 13%, 79 ± 11%, and 117 ± 7.9%, respectively (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Condition Setting Of the Headspace Spme Methodsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…4) Having examined the effect of exposure to toluene on living organisms, we found additional toxicity of toluene including the following: Long-term exposure to low-concentration toluene caused upregulation of the information transmission circuits to occur within cells via enhanced development of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus of mice, 5) and production of nerve growth factor modified interaction with the nervous system although significant disturbance in immunological memory function was not found. 6) Since toluene is frequently detected in the atmosphere in general residential areas, 7,8) it is likely that people are exposed to it on a daily basis. Since toluene is used as a coating for construction materials and furniture, its indoor concentration tends to be high in newly constructed residences 9) and extended or reconstructed buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Toluene Concentrations in the Blood of Fetuses of Pregnant Rats Exposed to Low Concentration Toluene Using Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Nakajima

Tsukahara

Hojo

et al. 2009

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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In order to measure the level of toluene in the blood of fetuses of pregnant rats exposed to toluene, application of headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was studied. Pregnant rats from gestational day 15 (GD15) to GD19 were subjected to inhalational exposure to toluene for 90 min per day. They were obtained by Cesarean section on the fifth day of exposure (on GD19), and the level of toluene in the blood of mother rats and in fetuses were quantified using 5 µl blood. The levels of toluene in the blood of the fetuses in the groups exposed to toluene at 9 ppm and 90 ppm were 0.07 ± 0.03 µg/ml (n = 17) and 2.0 ± 0.51 µg/ml (n = 16) respectively, which were significantly higher than the blood level of the fetuses in the control group (0.02 ± 0.02 µg/ml, n = 12). Meanwhile, the blood concentrations of mother rats were 0.06 ± 0.06 µg/ml (n = 3, control group), 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/ml (n = 3, 9 ppm exposure group), and 3.5 ± 1.5 µg/ml (n = 4, 90 ppm exposure group), respectively, which were higher than those of the fetuses per unit blood volume.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment – Part II: univariate and multivariate analysis and case studies of indoor concentrations

Cited by 50 publications

References 5 publications

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence

Measurement of Toluene Concentrations in the Blood of Fetuses of Pregnant Rats Exposed to Low Concentration Toluene Using Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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