Arousal and the pupil: why diazepam-induced sedation is not accompanied by miosis

Hou, Ruihua; Samuels, E. R.; Langley, R. W.; Szabadi, E.; Bradshaw, C. M.

doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0884-y

Cited by 23 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Psychophysiology offers a more objective outcome measure. However, diazepam does not lead to any change in papillary diameter (Hou et al 2007, Fig. 1).…”

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The CFFF is a test that has been in usage since the 1950s, and it is well accepted as a psychophysiological measure of arousal (Tomkiewicz and Cohen 1970). Hou et al (2007) showed a significant effect of diazepam on the CFFF (Fig. 1), suggesting that diazepam does indeed have an effect on arousal, and this can be measured both subjectively and objectively.…”

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, to simply measuring the pupil diameter, Hou et al (2007) also measured spontaneous pupillary fluctuations, by analyzing these data in two ways: first, by performing an analysis of the frequency of fluctuations using a Fast Fourier Transformation to obtain an assessment of power and second, by a "pupillary unrest index" (PUI), which is the distance travelled by the margin of the pupil in 1 min. These two measures reflect "pupillary fatigue waves" (Ludtke et al 1998) that are believed to closely parallel fluctuations in the activity of the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (Aston-Jones and Fig.…”

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former option seems an unlikely explanation. In the study by Hou et al (2007), additional psychophysiological measures of alertness were also conducted. These included the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) test.…”

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychophysiological Methods

McAllister‐Williams¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology

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Definition Stern (1964), in the first edition of the journal Psychophysiology established by the Society for Psychophysiological Research, defined the field as where behavioral variables are manipulated, and the effects of these independent variables are observed on physiological measures as dependent variables. This definition has been expanded by Furedy (1983) in the first edition of the International Organization of Psychophysiology's International Journal of Psychophysiology to "the study of physiological processes in the intact organism as a whole by means of unobtrusively measured physiological processes." Clearly, the nature of what constitutes "unobtrusive" in this context is subjective, but is an acknowledgment that the process of measurement can influence the measure itself. At least in some senses, the relationship between physiology and psychology implied by the term "psychophysiology" is the converse of that described by "physiological psychology" or "biological psychology" which relate to the study of the biological and physiological underpinnings of psychological processes. Psychophysiological methods are utilized in both human and animal studies. Furedy (1983) argues that this is only the case when the interest of the experimenter is focused on psychological processes of the whole intact organism. Principles and Role in PsychopharmacologyThe Role of Psychophysiology and Breadth of Techniques As suggested earlier, the very definition of psychophysiology is a subject of some debate. Nathan Kline (1961) took an existential approach in his paper "On the relationship between neurophysiology, psychophysiology, psychopharmacology, and other disciplines." He argued that ambiguities in bioscience arise from asking a question in one "universe of discourse" (e.g., psychology) and seeking the answer in quite a different one (e.g., physiology). This is a potential issue with respect to the term psychophysiology and, indeed, psychopharmacology. Kline developed a number of laws regarding the relationship between disciplines including the "Law of Technique." This law states that the technique used to obtain information does not necessarily determine the "universe of discourse" in which it is used. This remains relevant, especially to the use of psychophysiological methods within psychopharmacology, as this spans three or more disciplines. To illustrate this, consider an example based on one given in Furedy's (1983) discussion of the definition of psychophysiology. Anxiety, via effects on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), causes changes in heart rate and other cardiac parameters such as the electrocardiograph (ECG) T-wave amplitude. If during a stress-exercise test in a patient with suspected cardiac pathology, a decrease in T-wave amplitude is seen, a physiological explanation will relate to cardiac pathology. However, from a psychophysiological perspective, the effects of the ANS on the myocardium need to be considered.

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“…Psychophysiology offers a more objective outcome measure. However, diazepam does not lead to any change in papillary diameter (Hou et al 2007, Fig. 1).…”

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Principles Of Psychophysiological Methods As Applied In Psycmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Psychophysiological Methods

McAllister‐Williams¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology

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“…The effects of some drugs, therefore, might somehow confound the relationship between the outcome measures of the study. As for the pupillary effects of the drugs, changes both in pupillary measurements and central alertness levels have been simultaneously investigated for antidepressants [34], central a2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists [22], anti-Parkinsonian drugs [35], benzodiazepan [36], modafinil [37], and anti-hypertensive drugs [38]. In these studies, the direction and amplitude of changes in pupillary measurements or central alertness varied depending on the effect of each drug.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between pupillometric sleepiness measures and sleep latency derived by MSLT in clinically sleepy patients

Yamamoto

Kobayashi

Hori

et al. 2013

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives The multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) has been employed extensively in clinical and research settings as a gold standard for objectively measuring sleepiness. In a general population or in a variety of work settings, however, a more convenient, rapidly administered measuring method is preferable. We examined the potential utility of pupillometry by comparing its objective measures, pupillary unrest index (PUI) and relative pupillary unrest index (RPUI), with MSLT-derived sleep latency (SL). Methods The study cohort comprised 45 patients (39 males, 6 females, mean age 38.9 ± 11.3 years) referred to the Sleep Disorders Center for the two-nap SL test. SL was measured twice before noon, and pupillometric measurement was performed immediately before each SL test. Subjective sleepiness was measured by using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results The association between PUI and SL was significant and far closer than that between RPUI and SL. A significant difference was observed between the two groups, based on each subject's experience of drowsy driving accidents over the past 3 years in the PUI and RPUI, as well as in SL. The subjective sleepiness measure, ESS, did not relate to any other physiological sleepiness measures.Conclusions In our study cohort, the pupillometric sleepiness measure, PUI, was significantly correlated with, and behaved in a manner equivalent to, MSLT-derived SL in clinically sleepy patients. However, several points remain to be carefully examined before applying pupillometry for screening sleepiness in a general population, or in occupational settings.

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Comparison of ketanserin, buspirone and propranolol on arousal, pupil size and autonomic function in healthy volunteers

et al. 2009

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Ketanserin but not propranolol had a fully sedative profile and may confound pupillometric assessment of EDS. Beta adrenergic receptors do not appear to participate in arousal and pupillary functions, while 5HT1a receptors reduce pupil size without affecting arousal. Pupil size may not be used unequivocally as an index of the level of alertness in the case of drug-induced changes, when drugs interfere with the central pupil control mechanism in ways that are unrelated to their effects on arousal.

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Arousal and the pupil: why diazepam-induced sedation is not accompanied by miosis

Abstract: Diazepam-induced sedation is not accompanied by any change in either the sympathetic or parasympathetic influence on the iris.

Cited by 23 publications

References 89 publications

Psychophysiological Methods

Psychophysiological Methods

Association between pupillometric sleepiness measures and sleep latency derived by MSLT in clinically sleepy patients

Comparison of ketanserin, buspirone and propranolol on arousal, pupil size and autonomic function in healthy volunteers

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