Arousal Systems and Infant Heart Rate Responses

Graham, Frances K.; Jackson, Jan C.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60465-6

Cited by 120 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…High-intensity stimuli are associated with HR acceleration and low-intensity stimuli are associated with HR deceleration in the fetus (Graham et al, 1983). However, a developmental change occurs after birth with the emergence of a significant heterogeneity in the neonatal HR response (Graham and Jackson, 1969; Clarkson and Berg, 1983; Ockleford et al, 1988; Groome et al, 2000) that may reflect individual differences in the level of nervous system maturation at the time of postnatal testing (Ockleford et al, 1988). For example, the same stimulus that elicits a sustained HR deceleration in fetuses during quiet sleep might elicit a prolonged HR deceleration in half of the same infants tested at 2 weeks of age, with the other half responding with HR acceleration followed by HR deceleration (Groome et al, 2000).…”

Section: Rhythm Production In Fetuses and Newbornsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhythm perception, production, and synchronization during the perinatal period

2014

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Sensori-motor synchronization (SMS) is the coordination of rhythmic movement with an external rhythm. It plays a central role in motor, cognitive, and social behavior. SMS is commonly studied in adults and in children from four years of age onward. Prior to this age, the ability has rarely been investigated due to a lack of available methods. The present paper reviews what is known about SMS in young children, infants, newborns, and fetuses. The review highlights fetal and infant perception of rhythm and cross modal perception of rhythm, fetal, and infant production of rhythm and cross modal production of rhythm, and the contexts in which production of rhythm can be observed in infants. A primary question is whether infants, even newborns, can modify their spontaneous rhythmical motor behavior in response to external rhythmical stimulation. Spontaneous sucking, crying, and leg movements have been studied in the presence or absence of rhythmical auditory stimulation. Findings suggest that the interaction between movement and sound is present at birth and that SMS can be observed in special conditions and within a narrow range of tempi, particularly near the infant’s own spontaneous motor tempo. The discussion centers on the fundamental role of SMS in interaction and communication at the beginning of life.

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Section: Rhythm Production In Fetuses and Newbornsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhythm perception, production, and synchronization during the perinatal period

2014

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“…One such index of early cognitive functioning assesses the neurophysiological encoding and memory of environmental events using cardiac orienting responses (Kable & Coles, 2004). Cardiac orienting responses (ORs) to stimuli are characterized by a specific pattern of heart rate deceleration (Graham & Jackson, 1970) in the presence of novel or interesting stimuli and are triggered by mechanisms that enable the heart to gate oxygen away from the periphery to the central nervous system, allowing for higher-level information processing and learning about environmental events. The neural circuitry that supports ORs is present in all mammals and can be reliably elicited within the first few months of life in humans (Sokolov, Spinks, Näätänen, & Lyytinen, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on information processing skills in Ukrainian infants

Kable

Coles

Keen

et al. 2015

Alcohol

124

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Objectives The potential of micronutrients to ameliorate the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure was explored in a clinical trial conducted in Ukraine. Cardiac orienting responses during a habituation/dishabituation learning paradigm were obtained from 6–12-month-olds to assess neurophysiological encoding and memory of environmental events. Materials and methods Women who differed in prenatal alcohol use were recruited during pregnancy and assigned to a group (no study-provided supplements, multivitamin/mineral supplement, or multivitamin/mineral supplement plus choline supplement). An infant habituation/dishabituation paradigm was used to assess outcomes in the offspring. Ten trials were used for the habituation and five for the dishabituation condition. Heart rate was collected for 30 sec prior to stimulus onset and then 12 sec post-stimulus onset. Difference values (ΔHR) were computed for the first three trials of each condition and aggregated for analysis. Gestational blood samples were collected to assess maternal nutritional status and changes as a function of the intervention. Results Choline supplementation resulted in a greater ΔHR on the visual habituation (Wald Chi-Square (1, 149) = 10.9, p < .001, eta-squared = .043) trials for all infants and for the infants with no prenatal alcohol exposure on the dishabituation (Wald Chi-Square (1, 139) = 6.1, p < .013, eta-squared = .065) trials. The latency of the response was reduced in both conditions (Habituation: Wald Chi-Square (1, 150) = 9.0, p < .003, eta-squared = .056; Dishabituation: Wald Chi-Square (1, 137) = 4.9, p < .027, eta-squared = .032) for all infants whose mothers received choline supplementation. Change in gestational choline level was positively related (r = .19) to ΔHR during habituation trials, and levels of one choline metabolite, dimethylglycine (DMG), predicted ΔHR during habituation trials (r = .23) and latency of responses (r = −.20). A trend was found between DMG and ΔHR on the dishabituation trials (r = .19) and latency of the response (r = −.18). Multivitamin/mineral or multivitamin/mineral plus choline supplementation did not significantly affect cardiac orienting responses to the auditory stimuli. Conclusion Choline supplementation when administered together with routinely recommended multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements during pregnancy may provide a beneficial impact to basic learning mechanisms involved in encoding and memory of environmental events in alcohol-exposed pregnancies as well as non- or low alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Changes in nutrient status of the mother suggested that this process may be mediated by the breakdown of choline to betaine and then to DMG. One mechanism by which choline supplementation may positively affect brain development is through prevention of fetal alcohol-related depletion of DMG, a metabolic nutrient that can protect against overproduction of glycine, during critical periods of neurogenesis.

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“…Hutt et al [1968] also found that responses in neonates were dependent on the type of stimulus used. Graham and Jackson [ 1970] have also found that in neonates the stimulus characteristics and repetitions have a significant effect on the heart rate in the absence of changes in state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Measurement of Fetal Responses to Vibroacoustic Stimuli

Leader

Stevens²,

Lumbers³

1988

Neonatology

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Electrocortical (ECoG) and integrated electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded in 6 chronically prepared fetal sheep (132–145 days). Recordings were made in fetuses prior to and during repeated vibroacoustic stimulation. In the undisturbed fetus, two patterns of ECoG activity were apparent; high (HV) and low voltage (LV). The fetus responded to this broad spectrum stimulus during both LV and HV ECoG activity. In 18 of the 20 experiments, repeated stimulation was not associated with a change in the background ECoG activity. All fetuses responded at least once to the stimulus. Habituation of the EMG response was observed during both HV and LV ECoG activity. The rate of habituation was independent of the background ECoG activity and was unchanged when experiments were repeated at intervals of more than 3 days. These results show that fetal sheep also respond to vibroacoustic stimulation and with repetition habituation occurs.

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Arousal Systems and Infant Heart Rate Responses

Cited by 120 publications

References 74 publications

Rhythm perception, production, and synchronization during the perinatal period

Rhythm perception, production, and synchronization during the perinatal period

The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on information processing skills in Ukrainian infants

Measurement of Fetal Responses to Vibroacoustic Stimuli

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