Array‐Based Biosensors for Bacteria Detection: From the Perspective of Recognition

Abstract

Array‐based biosensors have shown as effective and powerful tools to distinguish intricate mixtures with infinitesimal differences among analytes such as nucleic acids, proteins, microorganisms, and other biomolecules. In array‐based bacterial sensing, the recognition of bacteria is the initial step that can crucially influence the analytical performance of a biosensor array. Bacteria recognition as well as the signal readout and mathematical analysis are indispensable to ensure the discrimination ability of array‐based biosensors. Strategies for bacteria recognition mainly include the specific interaction between biomolecules and the corresponding receptors on bacteria, the noncovalent interaction between materials and bacteria, and the specific targeting of bacterial metabolites. In this review, recent advances in array‐based bacteria sensors are discussed from the perspective of bacteria recognition relying on the characteristics of different bacteria. Principles of bacteria recognition and signal readout for bacteria detection are highlighted as well as the discussion on future trends in array‐based biosensors.

Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development

“…Rather than using conventional bio-receptors like antibodies or aptamers, a panel of well-designed chemical ligands, e.g. cationic thiolated-AuNPs and anionic fluorescent polymer-based transducer-based complexations, could be used [190][191][192]. These chemical ligands contact targets generating optical signals through ligand-target interaction induced displacement, making it a promising means of evaluating EV membrane proteins especially.…”

One-Component Multichannel Sensor Array for Rapid Identification of Bacteria

“…Fluorescent analysis techniques with high sensitivity has been widely applied in the field of sensing. , Conventional sensors based on the “lock and key” mechanism have difficulty in achieving simultaneous detection of multiple analytes, especially for the detection of analytes with highly similar structures in complex media, such as distinguishing multiple bacteria in biological samples. − Array-based sensing systems that mimic mammalian olfactory and taste systems, which allow for the parallel detection of multiple analytes based on cross-reactive artificial receptors, have attracted extensive attention . Sensor arrays can perform fingerprint recognition of individual analytes according to the differences in physicochemical properties, which is particularly advantageous in distinguishing analytes with similar structures and properties in complex environments. − At present, several research efforts have been reported regarding array-based detection of multiple pathogenic microorganisms. − Sensor array-based detection of bacteria covers a variety of recognition mechanisms, such as differences in the composition of volatile gases of bacteria or differences in physicochemical properties of bacteria and their metabolites. − …”

Single Probe-Based Chemical-Tongue Sensor Array for Multiple Bacterial Identification and Photothermal Sterilization in Real Time

“…In recent decades, the investigation has focused on developing biosensors for rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria. Though great achievements have been reached, most of the sensing systems usually can only detect one kind of bacteria and suffer from discriminating multiple bacteria. − Inspired by the mammalian olfactory system, a chemical nose-tongue strategy has attracted wide attention, − which provides an alternative way for high-throughput detection and identification of bacteria species. Based on the interaction between targets and a chemical nose-tongue sensor array, the obtained unique response pattern for multiple bacterial identification can be realized via linear discriminant analysis (LDA). − However, it is worthy of noting that the constructed sensor arrays usually involve several signal probes for generating the readout pattern, − which increases the complexity and cost of the detection.…”