Arrow, Bézier Curve, or Halos? – Comparing 3D Out-of-View Object Visualization Techniques for Handheld Augmented Reality

Abstract

Figure 1: We compared different 3D out-of-view object visualizations for handheld AR displays: A 3D arrow pointing towards the POI (left), a Bezier ´curve leading to the POI (middle), and pulsing 3D halos starting at the POI's position (right).

Visual Highlighting for Situated Brushing and Linking

“…Gruenefeld et al [GLH * 18] had similar task performance results, but found a lower workload for Arrow, which could be due to our scenario with its many targets. Our animated Arrow resulted in worse results than the static arrows of Wieland et al [WGRF22] and Yu et al [YLF * 20], which could be due to its usage as a baseline condition based on familiarity reasons. Since Wieland et al [WGRF22] only considered a single target at a time, we assume that their arrow approach would also result in clutter for multiple targets.…”

“…Our animated Arrow resulted in worse results than the static arrows of Wieland et al [WGRF22] and Yu et al [YLF * 20], which could be due to its usage as a baseline condition based on familiarity reasons. Since Wieland et al [WGRF22] only considered a single target at a time, we assume that their arrow approach would also result in clutter for multiple targets. One reason might be the clutter introduced by Arrow that affects its ability to highlight many targets.…”

“…Previous work also compares the effect of various visual cues in VR and AR. Several authors [BSEN18,KKO*14,TEM*19, WGRF22] investigate the performance differences of visual search with respect to the field of view of the display. Other studies compare multiple attention guidance (i.e., highlighting) techniques with respect to the effectiveness and preservation of immersion [LSGB20], the effectiveness of multimodal cues [MTE*20], or the influence of stationary and moving distractors [DARS23].…”

“…Arrows are ubiquitous symbols used to direct attention. They are popular for attention guidance in AR, particularly towards objects or points of interest that are out of view [KR14, TK06, WGRF22, YLF*20]. Thus, we consider how similar arrows could be used to highlight objects in SitA.…”

“…For our study, we extended FlyingARrow [GLH*18], which repeatedly instantiates 3D arrows in front of the user that then fly toward a target object. Static arrows like Wieland et al [WGRF22] or Yu et al [YLF*20] spawn in the viewport, causing clutter when there are multiple targets and hence might be less beneficial in real‐life scenarios than dynamic arrows [GLH*18]. We also suspect that adding animations or motion makes targets more salient.…”