Arsenic exposure causes epigenetic dysregulation of IL-8 expression leading to proneoplastic changes in kidney cells

Chronic Kidney Disease and Exposure to Nephrotoxic Metals

“…Additionally, the use of this metal in phosphate fertilizers can leave soil and water contaminated heavily with Cd residue. Cd concentrates in soils and subsequently accumulates in plants, particularly root vegetables, grains, and tobacco [88]. Cd is also present in high concentrations in aquatic animals, such as seals and mollusks, and in crustaceans, such as oysters and crabs [88].…”

“…Diet is the primary means by which the general, non-smoking population is exposed to Cd [88]. In contrast, because of the high concentration of Cd in tobacco, individuals who smoke tobacco products are exposed regularly to this metal [88].…”

“…In contrast, because of the high concentration of Cd in tobacco, individuals who smoke tobacco products are exposed regularly to this metal [88]. Indeed, most cigarettes contain approximately 1–2 µg of Cd [89].…”

“…Therefore, it is estimated that individuals who smoke one pack of 20 cigarettes each day will absorb approximately 1–2 µg of Cd daily [92]. Cd is also present in air and drinking water in various regions of the world, although the concentration of Cd in air is relatively low and drinking water is normally not a major source of exposure for the general population [88,92,93]. …”

“…The earliest sign of Cd-induced renal damage is microproteinuria, which is usually characterized by the presence of β 2 -microglobulin in urine [88,92]. The observed microproteinuria may be due to a Cd-induced loss of megalin and cubilin, which mediate endocytosis of proteins along the proximal tubule [147,148,149,150].…”