The effects of melatonin on liver functions in arsenic-induced liver damage INTRODUCTION Arsenic, one of the most prevalent element on earth, belongs to the group of heavy metals (1, 2). Inorganic arsenic, which is the most prevalent type, dominates sea water, surface waters, and underground water. Conversely, organic forms of arsenic are found within natural gas and petroleum (3). Arsenic can easily change oxidation steps and chemical forms in nature. Arsenic valence and type are affected by redox potential, pH of the water, microbiologic activity, and the presence of ions like sulfur, iron, and calcium (3). In recent years, arsenic exposure has increased because of pollution and industrial development (4). Particularly, the agriculture chemicals used in dyes, ceramics, cancer drugs, mining operations, and herbicides and insecticides are leading routes of exposition (5-7). Long periods of arsenic intake by mouth or through inhalation cause both metabolic and structural changes in the hepatocyte mitochondria (8). Arsenic causes hepatocyte degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. It also causes increased apoptosis, oxidative damage, and damage at lipid peroxidation (9, 10).Melatonin is primarily secreted from a neuroendocrine organ called the pineal gland. It is also secreted from the skin, the retina, testicles, bone marrow, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and the gastrointestinal system (11-17). Melatonin synthesis and release are both stimulated by darkness and repressed by light. Melatonin is a strong free radical sweeper agent, as demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies (18)(19)(20). It is much more powerful than all known antioxidants due to its free radical catching effects. Studies have shown that it is a more potent antioxidant than vitamin E and glutathione (21,22). This is primarily because melatonin can dissolve in either water or fat, thus affecting all cell components (19-23). Melatonin also reportedly has regulatory effects on immunity and anti-inflammation (24-26). The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of melatonin on arsenic toxicity by monitoring hepatic enzymes and inflammatory markers in rats whose livers were intentionally damaged by arsenic for experimental purposes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study GroupTwenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiment. Rats were kept at 22°C under illumination control (14 hours light/10 hours dark cycle). They were monitored in standard cages in an Objective: Arsenic exposure is increasing in communities due to environmental pollution and industrial development. Arsenic is toxic to organ systems because it causes oxidative stress, enzymatic inhibition, and damage to protein structures. The liver, for example, is an organ that may be damaged by arsenic, and this damage may cause various clinical conditions like hepatic failure or cancer. Melatonin is a hormone that acts like an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent, and a cytoprotective agent. In this study, we aimed to evaluate melatonin's protective effects on li...