Art Cosgrove, editor. A New History of Ireland. Volume II: Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. 1993. Pp. lxii, 1002. $125.00. ISBN 0-19-821755-2.

When a machine detects student reasoning: a review of machine learning-based formative assessment of mechanistic reasoning

“…Causal reasoning involves understanding cause-and-effect relationships between different variables and why they contribute to the outcome of a chemical phenomenon. Causal reasoning is, therefore, concerned with understanding principles or factors that are driving a reaction, rather than the specific steps or processes involved (diSessa, 1993;Carey, 1995;Russ et al, 2008;Cooper et al, 2016). Mechanistic reasoning focuses on understanding how a chemical reaction proceeds at the molecular level, including the mechanistic steps that convert the reactants into the products.…”