Arterial Hypertension and Anxiety: Literature Review and Relevance in Primary Health Care

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the relationship between systemic arterial hypertension and anxiety, assessing whether managing anxiety could be an effective strategy for preventing or controlling hypertension. Theoretical Framework: Hypertension, a major global cause of premature mortality, is a critical modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is diagnosed with a systolic blood pressure of ≥ 140 and/or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg. Recent studies suggest that anxiety may influence the onset and progression of hypertension, though this connection is not yet fully understood. Method: This research is a systematic review of studies published between 2021 and January 2024, using Scielo and PubMed databases with the keywords "hypertension" and "anxiety" in both Portuguese and English. After using the Rayyan tool for study selection, 22 articles were included following the removal of duplicates and a methodological evaluation. Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that anxiety and depression are associated with elevated blood pressure, poorer hypertension control, and an increased cardiovascular risk. Factors such as age, sex, education, lifestyle, and chronic conditions influence these relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic has also intensified these effects, highlighting the importance of integrating mental health approaches into hypertension management. Research Implications: This study suggests that addressing psychological factors like anxiety in hypertensive patients could improve health outcomes and treatment adherence. Originality/Value: This research adds to the literature by emphasizing the need for preventive and educational strategies in hypertension management, proposing that anxiety management could be a valuable integrated approach in clinical practice.