Arterial Thromboembolism

Fuentes, Virginia Luis

doi:10.1177/1098612x12451547

Cited by 68 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Cardiac thrombi in dog and humans are uncommon, in contrast to cats, where they are seen more frequently associated with cardiomyopathies [ 1 ]. Recognized risk factors in humans are mitral stenosis [ 2 ], atrial fibrillation, and mitral valve replacement [ 3 ] as well as rheumatic mitral valve diseases [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cats, cardiomyopathies, left atrial enlargement, and left atrial resp. left ventricular dysfunction are discussed as risk factors for the development of intracardiac thrombi [ 1 , 5 ]. Dogs with a variety of heart conditions that are accompanied by an enlarged left atrium, systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, or cardiac arrhythmia (e.g., atrial fibrillation) are at higher risk for developing a thrombus and a resulting arterial thromboembolism [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Rare Occurrence of a Left Atrial Thrombus in a Dog

Otto¹,

Hopfner²

2020

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

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Intracardiac thrombi are rare in dogs. If they occur, they are mostly seen in the right atrium while only two case reports describing a mural left atrial thrombus in dogs are available. This case report describes a 14-year-old mixed-breed bitch that was presented at the clinic because of dyspnoea. The dog suffered from alopecia for about three years and displayed polyuria and polydipsia for a number of months. Clinical examination revealed intensified inspiratory and expiratory respiratory sounds and various heart sounds. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly (VHS 11) and a mixed bronchoalveolar lung pattern of the caudal lung. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed and showed a moderate mitral regurgitation, a highly dilated left atrium, a low-grade pulmonary insufficiency, and a minimal aortic and tricuspid insufficiency. Additionally, a free-floating ball thrombus was found in the left atrium. Hyperadrenocorticism was indicated by an ACTH stimulation test. The previous medical therapy of the referring veterinarian consisted of benazepril and furosemide and was complemented by clopidogrel. The pet owners declined any further clinical diagnostics and therapy. The dog died 19 days later. This is the first reported case of a dog with a free-floating left atrial thrombus. Specific therapeutic strategies for intracardiac thrombi in the dog are currently not available, and therefore, every patient should be treated individually.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rare Occurrence of a Left Atrial Thrombus in a Dog

Otto¹,

Hopfner²

2020

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

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“…Usually, ATE is associated with heart diseases, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Smith & Tobias, 2004). ATE associated with neoplasm is uncommon, and lung neoplasms are the most commonly reported (Fuentes, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial thromboembolism of non-cardiogenic origin in a domestic feline with ischemia and reperfusion syndrome – a case report

Schaefer

Veronezi

Luz³

et al. 2020

Semina: Ciênc. Agrár.

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Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is an acute and severe clinical condition resulting from the formation of a thrombus and its accommodation in an artery, impairing the perfusion of tissues irrigated by it. In felines, it is often related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but there are reports of its association with neoplasms. Ischemia and reperfusion syndrome may occur secondary to ATE and result in difficult to correct electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. The aim of the present study is to describe a case of ATE, including its clinical and laboratory findings and electrolyte and acid-base changes compatible with ischemia and reperfusion syndrome. A 14-year-old crossbreed female feline with sudden pelvic limb paralysis was treated at the Feline Medicine Service of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Clinical and laboratory alterations included hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia. The electrocardiogram indicated sinoventricular rhythm, and echocardiogram evaluation showed no alterations. Thorax radiographic evaluation revealed areas of higher radiopacity in the pulmonary fields. We opted for abdominal aorta arteriotomy as an emergency treatment for thrombus removal. The feline died in the postoperative period, and histopathological examination of lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, and heart were performed, being compatible with pulmonary adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis. This study deals with a case of ATE of possible neoplastic origin, which is uncommon in cats. In this case, the patient had difficult-to-manage hemodynamic impairment, as well as electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders severe and refractory to therapy, culminating in death. The time to start treatment from the presentation of clinical signs may be determinant in therapeutic success, reducing the possible effects of reperfusion syndrome.

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“…Thrombus origins to left atrium and cause the ATE and ischemia at the bifurcation of the distal abdominal aorta, which is named as "saddle thrombus". Diagnosis of the disease usually determined based on the clinical examination results and prognosis is poor, if the ischemia localizes the hind limbs bilaterally [1,3] . Here, echocardiographic (ECHO), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and pathologic results of an iliac ATE in a cat were presented for veterinary practitioners in a cat.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bir Kedide İliak Arteryal Tromboembolizmin (Saddle Trombus) Ekokardiyografik (EKO), Magnetik Rezonans Anjiografi (MRA) ve Patolojik Bulguları

Salcı¹,

Kocatürk²,

İpek³

et al. 2016

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a common mortal complication of the myocardial diseases in cats [1][2][3] . The different forms of the cardiomyopathy cause the ATE, and underlying cardiac etiology is the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 13% of encountered cases [1,2] . Endothelial dysfunction associated with slowing down of the circulation in left atrium leads to local thrombus formation. Thrombus origins to left atrium and cause the ATE and ischemia at the bifurcation of the distal abdominal aorta, which is named as "saddle thrombus". Diagnosis of the disease usually determined based on the clinical examination results and prognosis is poor, if the ischemia localizes the hind limbs bilaterally [1,3] . Here, echocardiographic (ECHO), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and pathologic results of an iliac ATE in a cat were presented for veterinary practitioners in a cat.Scottish fold breed, a 2 year-old, male cat was presented with sudden onset of bilateral hind limb paresis. Clinically, bilateral painfully hind limbs, lack of the femoral pulsation, cyanotic pulvinuses and paraparesis were detected. There was no abnormality on the radiographs of the vertebral column. Electrocardiography pointed out the sinus rhythm; however, ECHO examinations revealed the HCM (Fig. 1). These results suspected the ATE; thus, a MRA was planned to investigate the distal branches of the aorta. The MRA images demonstrated that there was a narrowing abdominal aorta at the level of kidneys and the contrast medium (omnipaque 10 ml, iv.) was not progressing caudally at the level of iliac arteries (Fig. 2).Based on the ECHO and MRA results an ATE (saddle thrombus) due to HCM was diagnosed.Medically, a therapy protocol including prednisolone (1 mg/kg, iv.), heparin (0.1 ml, iv.), ranitidine (2.2 mg/kg orally) and enalapril (2.5 mg, oral) were started daily, and aspirin (100 mg, orally) was added this protocol after a day. However, the cat died in a week even though the care and therapy regimen provided.In the necropsy, a "Y" shaped, 3-4 cm long, fragile, heterogenic thrombus was determined at the caudal abdominal aorta, which was extending to bifurcation of the iliac arteries. It was also attached to vessels lumens (Fig. 3a).Microscopically, a fibrin thrombus attached to intima of the vessel was observed (Fig. 3b). REFERENCES1. Koyama H, Matsumoto H, Fukushima R, Hirose H: Local intra-arterial administration of urokinase in the treatment of a feline distal aortic thromboembolism.

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Arterial Thromboembolism

Cited by 68 publications

References 47 publications

The Rare Occurrence of a Left Atrial Thrombus in a Dog

The Rare Occurrence of a Left Atrial Thrombus in a Dog

Arterial thromboembolism of non-cardiogenic origin in a domestic feline with ischemia and reperfusion syndrome – a case report

Bir Kedide İliak Arteryal Tromboembolizmin (Saddle Trombus) Ekokardiyografik (EKO), Magnetik Rezonans Anjiografi (MRA) ve Patolojik Bulguları

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