Arthroscopic approaches to and anatomy of the shoulder joint of cattle: a cadaver study

Abstract

Background: Arthroscopic surgery is described as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosis, exploration and treatment of joint disorders. It allows intraarticular structures to be assessed accurately, thereby improving the diagnostic capabilities, and it broadens the spectrum of surgical techniques feasible for treatment of articular pathologies in cattle. This study aimed to assess for cattle the described arthroscopic approaches to the shoulder joint of horses, and to describe the appearance of the corresponding intraarticular structures of the shoulder joint. Additionally, to perform histological examination where tissues were identified and assessed arthroscopically, but the tissue type was uncertain using cadaveric limbs from cattle of different age categories without any signs of orthopedic diseases of the front limbs. Results: An anatomic and arthroscopic investigation with 34-cadaveric forelimbs from 20-cattle was performed. The arthroscope was inserted either immediately cranial or 1-cm caudal to the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle for the cranial and caudal approaches, respectively. The shoulder joints were examined with the limbs in either horizontal non-pulled position, abducted non-pulled position using a three-pod limb holder adjustable in height, or horizontal manually pulled position. Arthroscopy was performed using a rigid 30°arthroscope (18-cm length, 4-mm outer diameter) to view the synovial pouches with their synovial villi and the following structures: cranial rim of the glenoid, cranial portion of the humeral head, incisura-glenoidalis, caudal rim of the glenoid, caudal portion of the humeral head, and cranial and caudal cul-de-sac. Abduction of the limb allowed improved visualization of the lateral portion of the joint. Pulling the limb facilitated investigation of the medial portion of the joint. Generally, the distention range was higher in younger as compared to adult cattle, and visualization of the medial portion of the joint was, therefore, facilitated in younger animals. The main complications observed were subcutaneous fluid extravasations and partial-thickness articular cartilages wear-lines.

Applications of Latissimus Dorsi Grafts in Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty

“…The capsule is weakest inferiorly, yet the most common dislocation is anterior. Anterior type of shoulder dislocation can be subcoracoid, preglenoid, or subclavicular [9,10]. It mostly occurs due to abduction with external rotation.…”

Arthroscopic Approach to the Metacarpal/Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Cattle: A Cadaver Study

“…yapılması tavsiye edilir (7). Sığırlarda artritis gibi eklem rahatsızlıklarının tedavisi için eklem lavajı, artrotomi, eklem rezeksiyonu ve artrodez gibi farklı birçok cerrahi müdahale tanımlanmıştır (4,5,8,9). Artroskopi, intraartiküler yapıların doğru bir şekilde değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlar ve sığırlarda eklem patolojilerinin tedavisi için uygulanabilir cerrahi tekniklerin yelpazesini genişletir (10).…”

“…Ancak artroskopi pratisyen veteriner hekimlerin deneyim eksikliği, artroskopi cihazlarının maliyeti, genel anestezi gereksinimi ve sığırlarda sınırlı faydasının olması gibi yanlış düşüncelerden dolayı sığır pratiğinde kullanımı sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle damızlık boğalar ve genetik değeri yüksek ineklerdeki eklem rahatsızlıkları artroskopik cerrahi için teşhis ve tedavi açısından bir endikasyon oluşturur (4,5).…”