Artichoke Leaf Morphology and Surface Features in Different Micropropagation Stages

Brutti, C.; Rubio, Esteban; Llorente, Berta E.; Apóstolo, Nancy Mariel

doi:10.1023/a:1015132303698

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The leaf size increased gradually during micropropagation stages. Similar observations were reported by Brutti et al (2002) and Apostolo et al (2005) in Cynara scolymus L. leaves. The in vitro raised plantlets shows poorly developed root histology with no cork cambium, but a single layered epidermis with cortex around the vascular cylinder and vascular bundles were very poorly developed (Petrus-vancea, and Sipos, 2010).…”

Section: Histological Studiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Histological and Biochemical Changes in <i>Aegle marmelos</i> Corr. before and after Acclimatization

Rajesh¹

2013

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Maximum mortality of micropropagated plants occur during acclimatization phase because plantlets undergo rapid and extreme changes in physiological functioning, histological and biochemical changes. In order to investigate the actual reason of this limitation, test samples were collected at different stages of micropropagation of Aegle marmelos Corr. (In vitro stage, acclimation stage, and field established plants). The biochemical result showed that micropropagated plantlets produced significantly low total chlorophyll (0.042 mg/g fresh weight), reducing sugar (3.227%), NR activity (1.353 NO 2 /h/g fresh weight) and but higher protein (0.048 µg/g) during in vitro phase. The in vitro raised plants showed abnormal histological features like altered leaf mesophyll, absence of thick cuticle, sunken stomata, poorly developed stem and root histology. These results revealed that the photoautrophic mode of nutrition during in vitro phase increased the survival rate during acclimatization compared to photoheterotrophic mode of nutrition. This suggests that photoautotrophism phenemoneon has substantial influence on the physiology and development of in vitro regenerated Aegle marmelos Corr. plantlets.

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Section: Histological Studiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Histological and Biochemical Changes in <i>Aegle marmelos</i> Corr. before and after Acclimatization

Rajesh¹

2013

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“…Stomatal density in plantlet leaves might be higher or lower than in leaves of comparable plants grown ex vitro. According to this, stomatal density in Liquidambar styraciflua, Rosa odorata × R. damascena, Vaccinium corymbosum, Nicotiana tabacum and Cynara scolymus decreased (Wetzstein and Sommer, 1983;Johansson et al, 1992;Noé and Bonini, 1996;Tichá et al, 1999;Brutti et al, 2002), while in Prunus serotina and Rhododendron ssp. (Waldenmaier and Schmidt, 1990;Drew et al, 1992) increased after transplantation.…”

Section: Development Of Cuticle Epicuticular Waxes and Functional Smentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The changes in stomatal density were sometimes compensated by an increase in stomatal size (length, guard cell area and pore area). Leaves from in vitro grown Prunus cerasus, Vaccinium corymbosum, Quercus robur, Nicotiana tabacum or Cynara scolymus plantlets exhibited ring-shaped stomata, but in leaves of ex vitro transferred plants stomata were elliptical (Marín et al, 1988;Noé and Bonini, 1996;Sha Valli Khan et al, 1999;Tichá et al, 1999;Brutti et al, 2002). However, in Paulownia fortunei, ring-shaped stomata were observed only in plantlets grown under photomixotrophic conditions while elliptical stomata were found in those grown under photoautotrophic conditions (Sha Valli Khan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Development Of Cuticle Epicuticular Waxes and Functional Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Acclimation of Plantlets to Ex Vitro Conditions: Effects of Air Humidity, Irradiance, Co2 Concentration and Abscisic Acid (A Review)

Pospíšilová¹,

Synková²,

Haisel³

et al. 2007

Acta Hortic.

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Plantlets grown in vitro might be easily impaired by sudden changes in environmental conditions after ex vitro transfer. They usually need several weeks under shade and gradually decreasing air humidity to acclimate to the new conditions and to correct all abnormalities in their anatomy and physiology induced by special conditions of in vitro culture. For plant survival, the most important changes include development of cuticle, epicuticular waxes, and effective stomatal regulation of transpiration leading to stabilization of water status. For plant growth, changes in photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll content, chloroplast ultrastructure, efficiency of photosystem 2, net photosynthetic rate) ensuring fully autotrophic growth with the rate corresponding to naturally grown plants are the most important. Acclimation can be speeded up by hardening of plantlets in vitro or after transplantation by decreasing the transpiration rate by antitranspirants including abscisic acid, or by increasing photosynthetic rate by elevated CO 2 concentration. INTRODUCTION Within the last four decades, plant micropropagation has developed from a laboratory curiosity to a real industry. Its use in horticulture, agriculture and forestry is currently expanding worldwide. Micropropagation of many species can be achieved through the establishment of explants, their initial growth in vitro being followed by transplanting into the greenhouse or field. During in vitro cultivation, plantlets grow under constant temperature, very high air humidity, low irradiance, very low air turbulence, variable and often insufficient CO 2 concentration, water potential dependent on medium composition, sugars as carbon source, growth regulators in nutrient medium, ethylene and other volatiles, etc. The conditions are very dependent on the vessel and closure types (e.g., Solárová et al., 1996). Acclimation to these conditions leads to formation of plantlets with morphology, anatomy and physiology different from naturally grown plants (for review see, e.g.,

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“…Midday net photosynthetic rate (A CO2 , mmolÁm -2 Ás -1 ), transpiration (E, mmol H 2 O m -2 Ás -1 ), and stomatal conductance (g s , molÁm -2 Ás -1 ) were determined for plants growing in the 2007-2008 season. Measurements were conducted with a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400; LI-COR Inc, Lincoln, NE) on 8 Feb., 21 Mar., 10 Apr., and 2 May 2008 and the light intensity, atmospheric CO 2 concentration, and stomatal ratio were adjusted to 1500 mmolÁm -2 Ás -1 photosynthetically active radiation, 400 mgÁL -1 , and 0.8 as cited in Brutti et al (2002), respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management of Artichoke: Yield, Head Quality, and Phenolic Content

Shinohara¹,

Agehara²,

Yoo³

et al. 2011

horts

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Globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] has been recently introduced as a specialty crop in southwest Texas. Marketable yield, yield components, quality, and phenolic compounds of artichoke heads were investigated in response to three irrigation [50%, 75%, and 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)] regimes and four nitrogen (0 to 10, 60, 120, and 180 kg·ha−1) rates under subsurface drip irrigation. Field experiments were conducted over three seasons (2005–2006, 2006–2007, and 2007–2008) at Uvalde, TX. Irrigation was more effective than nitrogen (N) rates to optimize crop yield and head quality. Marketable yields significantly increased at 100% ETc compared with 75% and 50% ETc, whereas a 20% to 35% yield reduction occurred at 50% ETc across seasons. This yield reduction was associated with a decrease in both number of marketable heads and head weight and with reductions in plant physiological responses as measured in the last season. The lack of yield responses to N rates was in part the result of high pre-plant soil NO3-N and NH4-N levels. Total phenolics and chlorogenic acid of artichoke heads increased as the harvesting season progressed and were highest at 50% ETc during mid- and late harvests in one season. Based on these results, we estimate that under these environmental conditions, ≈700 mm (for a bare soil system) of water inputs and 120 kg·ha−1 or less of N (rate depending on soil available N) appear sufficient to obtain high marketable yields, superior size, and nutritional head quality of artichokes.

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Artichoke Leaf Morphology and Surface Features in Different Micropropagation Stages

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Histological and Biochemical Changes in <i>Aegle marmelos</i> Corr. before and after Acclimatization

Histological and Biochemical Changes in <i>Aegle marmelos</i> Corr. before and after Acclimatization

Acclimation of Plantlets to Ex Vitro Conditions: Effects of Air Humidity, Irradiance, Co2 Concentration and Abscisic Acid (A Review)

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management of Artichoke: Yield, Head Quality, and Phenolic Content

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