Article Commentary: Kynurenine Pathway Pathologies: Do Nicotinamide and Other Pathway Co-Factors have a Therapeutic Role in Reduction of Symptom Severity, Including Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM)

Blankfield, Adele

doi:10.4137/ijtr.s11193

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…A lack of amino acids has been implicated in the development of disease-related fatigue. For example, in neuro-inflammatory conditions, chronic tryptophan deficiency (as an indicator for protein malnutrition) has been suggested to be relevant in the development of CFS [82], since the kynurenine pathway and subsequent serotonin and energy production is altered. Ringseis et al delineated that carnitine is positively affecting inflammatory processes, even under pathological conditions like cancer [83].…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Dietary Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue

2019

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Accumulating data indicates a link between a pro-inflammatory status and occurrence of chronic disease-related fatigue. The questions are whether the observed inflammatory profile can be (a) improved by anti-inflammatory diets, and (b) if this improvement can in turn be translated into a significant fatigue reduction. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and diets on inflammatory markers and fatigue in various patient populations. Next to observational and epidemiological studies, a total of 21 human trials have been evaluated in this work. Current available research is indicative, rather than evident, regarding the effectiveness of individuals’ use of single nutrients with anti-inflammatory and fatigue-reducing effects. In contrast, clinical studies demonstrate that a balanced diet with whole grains high in fibers, polyphenol-rich vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods might be able to improve disease-related fatigue symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is needed to clarify conflicting results in the literature and substantiate the promising results from human trials on fatigue.

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Section: Anti-inflammatory Dietary Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue

2019

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“…Tryptophan levels are significantly reduced in depressed patients (Joseph et al, 1984;Maes et al, 1987aMaes et al, , 1987bMaes et al, , 1990aMaes et al, , 1991bCapuron et al, 2011b;Liu et al, 2015b). In these patients, TRY plasma levels may be inversely associated with severity of depression, anxiety, somatization, suicidal ideation, neuromuscular symptoms and paranoia (Lehmann, 1972;Curzon et al, 1979;Joseph et al, 1984;Capuron et al, 2011b;Maes et al, 2011b;Blankfield, 2013;Flores-Ramos et al, 2014;Gostner et al, 2015;Hüfner et al, 2015). Besides this, TRY plasma levels may constitute a predictor of therapeutic response to serotonergic antidepressants, particularly selective inhibitors of the 5-HT uptake (Møller, 1985).…”

Section: Ido Activation and Increased Try Metabolism In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IDO chronic immune activation and tryptophan metabolic pathway: A potential pathophysiological link between depression and obesity

Filho

Lima

Vasconcelos

et al. 2018

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Obesity and depression are among the most pressing health problems in the contemporary world. Obesity and depression share a bidirectional relationship, whereby each condition increases the risk of the other. By inference, shared pathways may underpin the comorbidity between obesity and depression. Activation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. CMI cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-1β, induce the catabolism of tryptophan (TRY) by stimulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) resulting in the synthesis of kynurenine (KYN) and other tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). In the CNS, TRYCATs have been related to oxidative damage, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytotoxicity, excitotoxicity, neurotoxicity and lowered neuroplasticity. The pathophysiology of obesity is also associated with a state of aberrant inflammation that activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a pathway involved in the detection of intracellular or environmental changes as well as with increases in the production of TRYCATs, being KYN an agonists of AHR. Both AHR and TRYCATS are involved in obesity and related metabolic disorders. These changes in the TRYCAT pathway may contribute to the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms in obesity. This paper reviews the role of immune activation, IDO stimulation and increased TRYCAT production in the pathophysiology of depression and obesity. Here we suggest that increased synthesis of detrimental TRYCATs is implicated in comorbid obesity and depression and is a new drug target to treat both diseases.

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“…In addition, patients with long-term dental titanium and amalgams are more susceptible to oxidative stress [52]; thus, altered levels of certain amino acids like L-Trp could reflect systemic metabolic imbalances [53,54,55,56]. What is more, fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deficiency sensitizes mice and increases the turnover of tryptophan, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain 24 h after an i.p LPS injection in knockout CX3CL1-/- transgenic mice, even though these increases were independent of CX3CR1 expression [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Systemic L-Kynurenine/L-Tryptophan Ratio and Increased IL-1 Beta and Chemokine (CX3CL1, MCP-1) Proinflammatory Mediators in Patients with Long-Term Titanium Dental Implants

Merino

Cabaña-Muñoz²,

Gasca

et al. 2019

JCM

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Titanium is the mean biocompatible metal found in dental titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V). The safety of certain dental biomaterial amalgams has been questioned in patients. The levels of several systemic cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-4: pg/mL) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble fractalkine (CX3CL1: pg/mL) were determined using ELISA and compared between these study groups. The study included 30 controls without dental materials (cont), 57 patients with long-term titanium dental implants plus amalgams (A + I group) as well as 55 patients with long-term dental amalgam alone (A group). All patients (except controls) have had dental titanium implants (Ti-6Al-4V) and/or amalgams for at least 10 years (average: 15 years). We evaluated whether systemic levels of cytokines/chemokines, kyn/L-trp ratio and aromatic amino acid levels (HPLC: mM/L, Phe, L-Trp, His, Treo) could be altered in patients with long-term dental titanium and/or amalgams. These systemic markers were evaluated in 142 patients. The A + I group had higher L-Kynurenine/L-Tryptophan ratios than patients with long-term dental amalgam fillings alone (A). In addition, levels of IL-1 Beta cytokine, CX3CL1 and MCP-1 chemokines were higher in the A + I group than in the A group (A). The increased L-kyn/L-trp ratio and MCP-1 and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) elevations could suggest enhanced chemotactic responses by these chemokines in the A + I group.

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Article Commentary: Kynurenine Pathway Pathologies: Do Nicotinamide and Other Pathway Co-Factors have a Therapeutic Role in Reduction of Symptom Severity, Including Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM)

Cited by 11 publications

References 70 publications

Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue

Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue

IDO chronic immune activation and tryptophan metabolic pathway: A potential pathophysiological link between depression and obesity

Elevated Systemic L-Kynurenine/L-Tryptophan Ratio and Increased IL-1 Beta and Chemokine (CX3CL1, MCP-1) Proinflammatory Mediators in Patients with Long-Term Titanium Dental Implants

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