Articulated sponges from the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in southern Anhui, South China: their age and implications for the early evolution of sponges

Xiao, Shuhai; Hu, Jie; Yuan, Xunlai; Parsley, Ronald L.; Cao, Ruibing

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2002.02.001

Cited by 132 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This study is based on specimens collected by JPB, LAM, JPL, and others from the Hetang Formation of Anhui, South China (TommotianAtdabanian, Xidi brick Pit, 29.52°N; 118.03° E; see Xiao et al, 2005 for stratigraphy), and deposited in the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGP155891-7). Burgess Shale material (Cambrian stage 5, British Columbia -see Rigby and Collins, 2004 for detailed locality information) is housed in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The new interpretations of internal and wider relationships presented here are based on new taxa from the early Cambrian Hetang Biota of Anhui, China (Xiao et al, 2005), combined with a re-examination of middle Cambrian Burgess Shale material held in the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto, Canada). Features that are important in interpreting protomonaxonid relationships are the size and morphology of spicules, their local arrangement and broader three-dimensional architecture, and the organisation of additional skeletal materials in some groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships of the Cambrian Protomonaxonida (Porifera)

Botting

Muir

Lin

2013

Palaeontologia Electronica

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The Protomonaxonida consist of a heterogeneous group of early fossil sponges traditionally assigned to the demosponges. However, an affinity to the hexactinellid-like Reticulosa has also been suggested, and their relationships are potentially critical to understanding the origins of the extant sponge classes. In this paper, the relationships of the protomonaxonid sponges to each other and to other sponge groups have been reassessed, using previously described specimens as well as new material from the Burgess Shale of Canada and the Hetang Biota of South China. The sponges fall into two coherent groups, one consisting of taxa with long, mostly sub-longitudinal spicules, and the other with complex arrays composed of tracts of minute (millimetre-scale) monaxons, which grade into aspiculate taxa such as the Vauxiidae. Previous ideas relating the Protomonaxonida to extant demosponge lineages are supported in the case of the second group, whereas the first group confirms the view of derivation from a hexactinellid-like ancestor. Whether the two groups were directly related or evolved monaxonid spiculation in parallel is currently uncertain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of the Cambrian Protomonaxonida (Porifera)

Botting

Muir

Lin

2013

Palaeontologia Electronica

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“…The phylogenetically oldest metazoans are the sponges (phylum Porifera), which evolved during the Neoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic-Cambrian period (Xiao et al, 2005). Porifera are grouped into three classes, the Hexactinellida and the Demospongiae being both composed of a siliceous skeleton, as well as the class of Calcarea whose skeleton is made of calcium carbonate (Bergquist, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Müller

Boreiko

Schloßmacher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSilicateins, members of the cathepsin L family, are enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis/condensation of biosilica in spicules from Demospongiae (phylum Porifera), e.g. Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. The class Hexactinellida also forms spicules from this inorganic material. This class of sponges includes species that form the largest biogenic silica structures on earth. The giant basal spicules from the hexactinellids Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia can reach lengths of up to 3·m and diameters of 10·mm. The giant spicules as well as the tauactines consist of a biosilica shell that surrounds the axial canal, which harbours the axial filament, in regular concentric, lamellar layers, suggesting an appositional growth of the spicules. The lamellae contain 27·kDa proteins, which undergo post-translational modification (phosphorylation), while total spicule extracts contain additional 70·kDa proteins. The 27·kDa proteins cross-reacted with anti-silicatein antibodies. The extracts of spicules from the hexactinellid Monorhaphis displayed proteolytic activity like the silicateins from the demosponge S. domuncula. Since the proteolytic activity in spicule extracts from both classes of sponge could be sensitively inhibited by E-64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), we used a labelled E-64 sample as a probe to identify the protein that bound to this inhibitor on a blot. The experiments revealed that the labelled E-64 selectively recognized the 27·kDa protein. Our data strongly suggest that silicatein(-related) molecules are also present in Hexactinellida. These new results are considered to also be of impact for applied biotechnological studies.

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“…The overall fine particle, thin laminae and TOC content suggest that the sedimentary conditions of the black shale interbeds were a quiet water, stagnant environment in which anoxic conditions were, at least, episodic; the occurrence of pyrite should not be used as an indicator of a sulphidic (anoxic) basin as the local abundance of burrowing structures suggests a low oxygenated substrate. The sponge biota also required an oxic or dysoxic substrate for their growth, as sponge metabolism requires free oxygen (Xiao et al 2005). Therefore, although euxinic conditions predominated during deposition of the Série Noire, occasional currents may have brought free oxygen to the bottom water column necessary for the growth of sponges and the record of burrowing (Calvert & Piper 2009).…”

Section: B Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic record and palaeogeographic context of the Cambrian Epoch 2 subtropical carbonate platforms and their basinal counterparts inSW Europe, West Gondwana

Álvaro¹,

Monceret²,

Monceret³

et al. 2010

Bull. Geosci.

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The Ibero-Armorican Arc is the main Variscan macrostructure inSWEurope. Its branches preserve the Cambrian record of a continuous margin of West Gondwana, from its southwestern edge (West Asturian-Leonese and Cantabrian zones and their lateral continuity into the Iberian Chains) to its northeastern extension (basement of the Cenozoic Aquitaine basin, Montagne Noire, southern Cévennes, and Sardinia). These Variscan relics allow the reconstruction of a Cambrian Epoch 2 carbonate belt that developed intermittently along West Gondwana. Facies associations show that the main centres of carbonate productivity were nucleated in ooidal and sand shoals, together with microbial and microbial- archaeocyathan reefs, developed in high energy regimes under subtropical arid conditions. Outside the inner carbonate belt, carbonate production was episodic and related to deposition of kerogenous black shales and phosphogenesis in the Central Iberian Zone and northern parts of Montagne Noire and Cévennes. Development of carbonate platforms along the margin was diachronous and discontinuous, due to poleward drifting and tectonically induced drowning and flooding. Biogeographic connection with similar subtropical carbonate platforms from East Gondwana (mainly South China) favoured the migration of equatorial and subtropical trilobite genera, such as Dolerolenus, Eoredlichia, Metaredlichia, Protolenus, Redlichia, and Sardaspis

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Articulated sponges from the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in southern Anhui, South China: their age and implications for the early evolution of sponges

Cited by 132 publications

References 56 publications

Relationships of the Cambrian Protomonaxonida (Porifera)

Relationships of the Cambrian Protomonaxonida (Porifera)

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Stratigraphic record and palaeogeographic context of the Cambrian Epoch 2 subtropical carbonate platforms and their basinal counterparts inSW Europe, West Gondwana

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